Many people have become accustomed to saying “bless you” or “gesundheit” when someone sneezes. No one says anything when someone coughs, blows their noses or burps (打嗝), so why do sneezes get special treatment? What do those phrases actually mean, anyway?
Wishing someone well after he sneezes probably originated thousands of years ago. The Romans would say “Jupiter preserve you!” or “Salve!” which meant “good health to you” and the Greeks would wish each other “long life”. The phrase “God bless you” is due to Pope Gregory the great, who spoke it out in the sixth century during a bubonic plague epidemic (黑死病) (sneezing is an obvious symptom of one form of the plague).
The alternative term “gesundheit” comes from Germany, and it literally means “health”. The idea is that a sneeze typically comes ahead of illness. It entered the English language in the early 20th century, brought to the United States by German-speaking immigrants.
Actually every country around the globe has its own way of wishing sneezers well. People in Arabic countries say “Alhamdulillah!” which means “praise be to God”. Hindus say “Livel” or “Live well!”. Some countries have special sneezing responses for children. In Russia, after children are given the traditional response, “bud zdorov (be healthy)”, they are also told “rosti Bolshoi (grow big)”. When a child sneezes in China, he or she will hear “bai sui” which means “may you live 100 years.”
For the most part, the various sneeze responses originated from ancient superstitions (迷信). Some people believed that a sneeze caused the soul to escape the body through the nose, Saying “bless you” would stop the devil from claiming the person’s freed soul. However, some people believed that those evil spirits used the sneeze as an opportunity to enter a person’s body. There was also the misconception that the heart temporarily stopped during a sneeze (it doesn’t), and that saying “bless you” was a way of welcoming the person back to life.
当有人打喷嚏时,许多人已经习惯说“bless you”或“gesundheit”。当有人咳嗽、擤鼻涕或打嗝时,没有人说什么(打嗝),那么为什么打喷嚏会得到特殊的治疗呢?这些短语到底是什么意思呢?
在某人打喷嚏后祝福他可能起源于几千年前。罗马人会说:“朱庇特保佑你!或“药膏!”,意思是“祝你身体健康”,希腊人会互祝“长寿”。“上帝保佑你”这句话出自教皇格列高利大帝,他在6世纪黑死病流行期间说了这句话(黑死病)(打喷嚏是一种鼠疫的明显症状)。
另一种说法“gesundheit”来自德国,字面意思是“健康”。这个想法是,打喷嚏通常预示着疾病。它在20世纪初由讲德语的移民带到美国,进入英语语言。
事实上,世界上每个国家都有自己的方式来祝福打喷嚏的人。阿拉伯国家的人说“Alhamdulillah!”,意思是“赞美上帝”。印度人说“活着”或“好好活着!”有些国家对儿童打喷嚏有特殊的反应。在俄罗斯,在给予孩子们传统的回答“budzdorov(健康)”之后,他们还被告知“rosti Bolshoi(成长)”。在中国,当孩子打喷嚏时,他或她会听到“百岁”,意思是“祝你长寿”。
在很大程度上,各种打喷嚏反应源自古老的迷信(迷信)。有些人认为,打喷嚏会使灵魂从鼻子逃离身体,说“保佑你”会阻止魔鬼夺走这个人被释放的灵魂。然而,有些人认为,那些邪恶的灵魂利用打喷嚏的机会进入一个人的身体。还有一种误解是,打喷嚏时心脏会暂时停止跳动(事实并非如此),说“祝福你”是欢迎这个人起死回生的一种方式。
句子成分分析:
No one says anything || when someone coughs, blows their noses or burps (打嗝), || so why do sneezes get special treatment?
句子语法结构详解:
* says 为谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* when 为连词,引导时间状语从句。
* coughs 为谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* blows 为谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* burps 为谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* why 为疑问副词,引导特殊疑问句。
* get 为谓语,采用一般现在时。
* their 为形容词型物主代词。no one, anything, someone 为不定代词。do 为助动词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
no one | 没有人 |
Vocabulary:
say [sei] | vt. | 1) 说,讲,告诉 2) 比方说,假设 |
anything ['eniθiŋ] | pron | 1) 任何事物 2) 随便什么东西 |
someone ['sʌmwʌn] | pron | 1) 某人; 有人 2) 重要人物 |
cough [kɔf] | vi. | 1) 咳嗽 2) (突然)发出刺耳的噪音 |
blow [blәu] | vt. | 1) 吹 2) 吹,刮(风) |
nose [nәuz] | n. | 1) 鼻,鼻子 2) (飞机、宇宙飞船等的)头部,头锥 |
or [ɔ:] | conj. | 1) 或,或者,还是 2) 否则,要不然 |
burp [bә:p] | vi. | 打饱嗝 |
so [sәu] | conj. | 1) (用以引出下文) 那么...,(就)这样... 2) 因此, 所以 |
sneeze [sni:z] | n. | 喷嚏,喷嚏声 |
get [get] | vt. | 1) 得到,获得 2) 去取,带来 |
special ['speʃәl] | a. | 1) 特殊的,特别的,不寻常的,不一般的 2) 重要的,格外看重的,特别关照的 |
treatment ['tri:tmәnt] | n. | 1) 治疗,疗法,诊治 2) 对待,待遇 |
句子成分分析:
The phrase "God bless you" is due to PopeGregorythe great, (who spoke it [out in thesixthcentury] [during a buboni
cplague epidemic] ((sneezing is an obvious symptom (of one form (of the plague))).
句子语法结构详解:
(spoke 为 speak 的过去式。)
* bless 为谓语,采用一般现在时。
* 第1个 is 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。
* due 为形容词作表语。
* great 为形容词名词化
* who 为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句。
* spoke 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* sneezing 为动名词,在句中作主语。
* 第2个 is 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。
* you 为人称代词。the 为定冠词。a/an 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
due to... | 由于... |
bubonic plague | 腺鼠疫 |
Vocabulary:
phrase [freiz] | n. | 1) 短语,词组 2) 成语,习语,惯用法,警句 |
God | n. | 上帝,天主 |
bless [bles] | vt. | 1) 求上帝降福,祝福,保佑 2) 祝圣 |
great [greit] | a. | 1) 好的,相当不错的 2) 大的, 数量多的 |
speak [spi:k] | vt. | 1) 会说,会讲(某种语言) 2) 用(某种语言)说话 |
out [aut] | ad. | 1) 在外,向外,在室外 2) 外出, 不在家,不在办公室 |
during ['djuәriŋ] | prep. | 在...期间 |
epidemic [,epi'demik] | n. | 1) 流行病 2) (迅速的)泛滥,蔓延 |
sneeze [sni:z] | vi. | 打喷嚏 |
obvious ['ɔbviәs] | a. | 1) 明显的,显然的,易理解的 2) 公认的,当然的 |
symptom ['simptәm] | n. | 1) 症状 2) 征候,征兆 |
one [wʌn] | a. | 1) 一的;一个的;一个人的 2) 单独一个的, 仅仅一个的 |
form [fɔ:m] | n. | 1) 形式,形状,样子 2) 表格 |
plague [pleig] | n. | 1) (also the plague)腺鼠疫,腹股沟淋巴结鼠疫 2) 死亡率高的传染病 |
句子成分分析:
[For the most part], the various sneeze responses originated from ancient superstitions (迷信).
句子语法结构详解:
* originated 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
originate from... | 起源于..., 由...引起, 始自... |
Vocabulary:
most [mәust] | a. | 1) 大多数的, 大部分的 2) 最多的, 最大的 |
part [pɑ:t] | n. | 1) 部分 2) 部件,零件 3) 角色,台词 |
various ['vєәriәs] | a. | 1) 各种不同的,各种各样的 2) 具有多种特征的,多姿多彩的 |
sneeze [sni:z] | n. | 喷嚏,喷嚏声 |
response [ri'spɔns] | n. | 1) 反应,响应 2) 答复,回答 |
ancient ['einʃәnt] | a. | 1) 古代的 2) 古老的,很老的 |
superstition [,sju:pә'stiʃәn] | n. | 迷信,迷信观念(或思想) |
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