The beginnings of life provide scientists with some of the most difficult questions on modern science. Our knowledge of the development of cells, from which all forms of life are made, is not complete because we do not understand very well conditions on our planet four billion years ago. Why and how did cells first appear? Was this very likely to happen under the conditions then, or was it due to chance? Might this happen in other places in the universe?
A group of scientists at London University are trying to answer these questions. They started by studying the way in which the first cells on Earth might have been formed. Next they will use powerful new telescope to look at places far away in the universe. The scientists hope that the results will improve our understanding of the development of life on Earth and help us to find life on other planets.
Dr. Nick Lane, who is in charge of the team, has suggested that four billion years ago warm water springs on the floor of the earth ocean might have helped create life. Each spring consists of tiny connected holes that water passes through. The team have created models of these springs in their labs. You have found that they encourage chemical reactions between hydrogen in the liquids that come out of them and the carbon dioxide in the sea water. These chemical reactions can create the “building blocks” of life, these building blocks are not living themselves, but when they are enough of them joined together in the right way, they can make living things. The water in the system of springs move the building blocks around until there are a lot of them in a small area. Things that look very much like real living cells can be made in this way.
These reactions and changes show us how life on earth and on other planets could begin. When sea water goes through tiny holes in the earth’s surface, it gets very hot and causes a chemical reaction with rocks. When this very hot water goes back up and meets cold sea water again, other chemical reactions happen. Lane explains, “The conditions needed for life are rock, water and carbon dioxide. This could be found on millions of exoplanets (planets beyond solar system), so basic life should be everywhere.”
生命的起源向科学家们提出了一些现代科学中最困难的问题。我们对构成所有生命形式的细胞发育的认识还不完整,因为我们对40亿年前地球上的情况还不太了解。细胞最初为什么出现,又是如何出现的?在当时的条件下,这是很可能发生的,还是偶然发生的?这是否会发生在宇宙的其他地方?
伦敦大学的一组科学家正试图回答这些问题。他们开始研究地球上最早的细胞可能是如何形成的。接下来,他们将使用强大的新望远镜来观察宇宙中遥远的地方。科学家们希望这些结果将提高我们对地球上生命发展的理解,并帮助我们在其他星球上找到生命。
该研究小组的负责人尼克·莱恩(Nick Lane)博士认为,40亿年前,地球海底的温水泉可能帮助创造了生命。每个泉水都是由一个个相连的小洞组成的,水可以从中流过。研究小组在实验室里制作了这些弹簧的模型。你已经发现它们促进了它们所产生的液体中的氢和海水中的二氧化碳之间的化学反应。这些化学反应可以创造生命的“积木”,这些积木本身并没有生命,但是当它们足够多的时候,它们以正确的方式结合在一起,它们就可以创造生命。泉水系统中的水将积木移动到各处,直到在一个小区域内有很多积木。看起来非常像真正的活细胞的东西可以用这种方法制造出来。
这些反应和变化向我们展示了地球和其他行星上的生命是如何开始的。当海水穿过地球表面的小孔时,它会变得非常热,并与岩石发生化学反应。当这些非常热的水再次上升并与冰冷的海水相遇时,其他的化学反应就会发生。莱恩解释说:“生命所需的条件是岩石、水和 二氧化碳。这可能在数百万颗系外行星(太阳系以外的行星)上发现,所以基本生命应该无处不在。”
句子成分分析:
The beginnings (of life) provide scientists with some (of the most difficult questions) [on modern science].
句子语法结构详解:
* provide 为谓语,采用一般现在时。
* some 为不定代词。the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
provide sb with sth | 提供给某人某物 |
Vocabulary:
beginning [bi'giniŋ] | n. | 1) 开头,开端,开始部分 2) (beginnings)原始思想,起源,初级阶段 |
life [laif] | n. | 1) 生活,生活经历 2) 生命,性命 3) 一生,终生 |
scientist ['saiәntist] | n. | 科学家 |
most [mәust] | ad. | 1) 最(与形容词或副词连用构成最高级) 2) (程度上)最大,最多,最高 |
difficult ['difikәlt] | a. | 1) 困难的,费力的,难做的,难解的 2) 问题很多的,充满艰难困苦的,麻烦的 |
question ['kwestʃәn] | n. | 1) 问题,疑问 2) (待讨论或处理的)事情,议题,课题 |
modern ['mɔdәn] | a. | 1) 现代的,当代的,近代的 2) (艺术、音乐、时装等的风格)新式的,有别于传统的 |
science ['saiәns] | n. | 1) 科学 2) 理科 |
句子成分分析:
Dr. Nick Lane,who is in charge (of the team),has suggested | that four billion years ago warm water springs [on the
floor (of the earth ocean might)]have helped create life.
句子语法结构详解:
* who 为疑问代词,引导特殊疑问句。
* is 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。
* suggested 为谓语,采用现在完成时。
* that 为连词,引导宾语从句。
* warm 为谓语,采用一般现在时。
* helped 为谓语,采用现在完成时。
* create 为不带 to 的不定式,作宾语。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
in charge of... | 主管;负责;掌管 |
Vocabulary:
team [ti:m] | n. | 1) (游戏或运动的)队 2) (一起工作的)组,班 |
suggest [sәg'dʒest] | vt. | 1) 建议,提议 2) 推荐,举荐 |
four billion | 四十亿 | |
year [jiә] | n. | 1) 年 2) 一年时间 |
warm [wɔ:m] | vt. | 1) 使变暖 2) 使变得更友好,使变得更可爱 |
water ['wɔ:tә] | n. | 1) 水 2) 水域,江河湖海 |
spring [spriŋ] | n. | 1) 春天 2) 弹簧 |
floor [flɔ:] | n. | 1) 地板,地面 2) 底板 |
earth [ә:θ] | n. | 1) 地球 2) 土地,地面,陆地 |
ocean ['әuʃәn] | n. | 1) (通常作 the ocean)大海,海洋 2) (通常作 Ocean)(五大洋之一的)洋 |
might [mait] | n. | 力量; 威力; 权力 |
help [help] | vi. | 1) 帮助,协助,援助 2) 改善状况,促进 |
create [kri:'eit] | vt. | 1) 创造,创作,创建 2) 造成,引起,产生(感觉或印象) |
life [laif] | n. | 1) 生活,生活经历 2) 生命,性命 3) 一生,终生 |
句子成分分析:
This could be found [on millions of exoplanets(planets (beyond solar system))], || so basic life should be everywhere."
句子语法结构详解:
(found 为 find 的过去分词。)
* 第1个 be 为助动词。
* found 为谓语,采用被动语态。
* so 为连词,引导状语从句。
* 第2个 be 为谓语。
* can, should 为情态动词。this 为指示代词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
millions of | 数百万,千百万, 无数 |
solar system | 1) 太阳系 2) 太阳能系统 |
Vocabulary:
this [θis] | pron | 这(个) |
find [faind] | vt. | 1) (意外或偶然地)发现,碰到 2) 找到,找回 |
planet ['plænit] | n. | 1) 行星 2) (the planet)地球(尤指环境) |
beyond [bi'jɔnd] | prep. | 1) 超出(某范围), 超出(能力所及) 2) 在...较远的一边 |
so [sәu] | conj. | 1) 因此, 所以 2) (表目的)以便,以免 |
a. | 1) 基本的,基础的 2) 最简单的,初级的,初步的 | |
life [laif] | n. | 1) 生活,生活经历 2) 生命,性命 3) 一生,终生 |
everywhere ['evrihwєә] | ad. | 各处; 到处 |
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