Calling someone a “birdbrain” is considered rude. It implies that someone has a small brain and thus is not smart. A new study found that the expression doesn’t do birds justice either. Birds’ brains are much bigger than we thought-at least compared to their small bodies.
An international team of 37 scientists measured the brain volume of hundreds of dinosaurs and extinct birds by scanning fossils of their skulls. The readings were compared to a large database containing the brain sizes of modern birds. These measurements were then analyzed, taking into consideration each bird’s body size-resulting in something called “relative brain size”. The results showed that a dramatic change of birds’ body size happened right after the mass extinction of dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
According to the study, published on April 23 in the journal Current Biology, birds and non-avian (非鸟类的) dinosaurs had similar brain sizes before the extinction. After the extinction of the dinosaurs, however, birds had to find a way to survive, so they shrank their bodies-since smaller animals need less food-but they kept their big brains.
“The changed landscape may have caused the rapid evolution of new brain-body scaling patterns (缩放比例) by favoring both larger brains and smaller bodies,” US paleontologist (古生物学家) Daniel Ksepka, who is the lead author of the study, told CNN.
This “evolutionary brain leap”-as scientists call it-also happened very rapidly. Without dinosaurs, birds quickly repopulated. They came in all types and sizes, which contributed to the diverse species of birds we see today.
But among all the bird species, certain ones “show above average rates of brain and body size evolution”, study co-author Adam Smith at Clemson University, US, said in a statement-with crows and parrots being the most evident. In fact, previous studies have already discovered that these birds have an amazing cognitive ability. They are able to use tools, imitate human speech and even remember human faces.
So, in the words of Smith, “calling someone ‘bird-brained’ is actually quite a compliment!”
称某人为“鸟脑”被认为是粗鲁的。它暗示某人大脑小,因此不聪明。一项新的研究发现,这种表达也不公平地描述鸟类。鸟类的大脑比我们想象的要大得多——至少与它们小巧的身体相比是这样。
一个由37名科学家组成的国际团队通过扫描恐龙和灭绝鸟类的头骨化石,测量了数百种恐龙和灭绝鸟类的脑容量。这些读数与一个包含现代鸟类大脑大小的大型数据库进行了比较。然后对这些测量结果进行分析,考虑到每只鸟的身体大小,从而得出所谓的“相对脑大小”。结果显示,6600万年前恐龙大灭绝后,鸟类的体型发生了巨大变化。
根据4月23日发表在《当代生物学》杂志上的这项研究,鸟类和非鸟类恐龙在灭绝前的大脑大小相似。然而,在恐龙灭绝后,鸟类必须找到生存的方法,所以它们缩小了自己的身体——因为较小的动物需要更少的食物——但它们保留了它们的大大脑。
该研究的主要作者、美国古生物学家丹尼尔·克塞普卡在接受CNN采访时表示:“地形的变化可能导致了新的脑-体缩放模式的快速进化,这种模式更倾向于大大脑和小身体。”
这种被科学家称为“大脑进化飞跃”的现象发生得非常迅速。没有了恐龙,鸟类迅速繁殖。它们有各种类型和大小,这促成了我们今天看到的各种各样的鸟类。
但在所有鸟类中,某些鸟类“大脑和体型的进化速度高于平均水平”,研究报告的合著者、美国克莱姆森大学的亚当·史密斯在一份声明中说,其中以乌鸦和鹦鹉最为明显。事实上,之前的研究已经发现,这些鸟类具有惊人的认知能力。它们能够使用工具,模仿人类的语言,甚至记住人类的面孔。
所以,用史密斯的话来说,“称某人为‘鸟脑’实际上是一种赞美!”
句子成分分析:
Calling someone a "birdbrain" is considered rude.It implies | that someone has a small brain and thus is not smart.
句子语法结构详解:
(has 为 have 的第三人称单数形式。)
* Calling 为动名词,在句中作主语。
* calling 为双宾动词。someone 为间接宾语,birdbrain 为直接宾语。
* 第1个 is 为助动词。
* considered 为谓语,采用一般现在时和被动语态。
* rude 为形容词,作主语补足语。
* implies 为谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* that 为连词,引导宾语从句。
* has 为谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* 第2个 is 为系动词作谓语。
* smart 为形容词作表语。
* someone 为不定代词。a 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Vocabulary:
call [kɔ:l] | vt. | 1) 大声叫,大声说 2) 把……叫做,称呼 |
someone ['sʌmwʌn] | pron | 1) 某人; 有人 2) 重要人物 |
birdbrain ['bєәdbrein] | n. | 愚笨的人;傻瓜 |
consider [kәn'sidŋ] | vt. | 1) 认为,视为 2) 考虑,细想 |
rude [ru:d] | a. | 1) 粗鲁的,无礼的,粗野的 2) 猥亵的,下流的 |
imply [im'plai] | vt. | 1) 含有……的意思,暗示,暗指 2) 说明,表明 |
have [hæv] | vt. | 1) 有,持有 2) 吃,喝, 抽(烟) 3) 患病,出现(某症状) |
small [smɔ:l] | a. | 1) (尺寸、数量、程度等)小的 2) (服装、食品、家用设施等)小号的,小型的 |
brain [brein] | n. | 1) 脑 2) (brains)(供食用的)动物脑髓 |
and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后,接着 |
thus [ðʌs] | ad. | 1) 因此,所以,从而 2) 以此方式,如此, 这样 |
smart [smɑ:t] | a. | 1) 聪明的,机敏的,精明的 2) (衣服等)衣着讲究的, 整洁的, 漂亮的,光鲜的 |
句子成分分析:
[According to the study], [published [on April 23] [in the journal Current Biology]], birds and non-avian (非鸟类的)
dinosaurs had similar brain sizes [before the extinction].
句子语法结构详解:
* published 为过去分词,作句子状语。
* had 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
according to | 根据,据(某人)所述 |
Vocabulary:
study ['stʌdi] | n. | 1) 学习,研究 2) 作业,学业 |
publish ['pʌbliʃ] | vt. | 1) 出版,发行 2) (在报刊)发表,刊登,登载 |
journal ['dʒә:nәl] | n. | 1) (某学科或专业的)报纸,刊物,杂志 2) (用于报纸名)……报 |
current ['kʌrәnt] | n. | 1) 电流 2) 水流,潮流,气流 |
biology [bai'ɔlәdʒi] | n. | 1) 生物学 2) 生理 |
bird [bә:d] | n. | 1) 鸟,禽 2) 姑娘,妞 |
and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后,接着 |
dinosaur ['dainәsɔ:] | n. | 1) 恐龙 2) 守旧落伍的人,过时落后的东西 |
have [hæv] | vt. | 1) 有,持有 2) 吃,喝, 抽(烟) 3) 患病,出现(某症状) |
similar ['similә] | a. | 相像的,相仿的,类似的 |
brain [brein] | n. | 1) 脑 2) (brains)(供食用的)动物脑髓 |
size [saiz] | n. | 1) 大小,规模 2) 尺寸,号码 |
before [bi'fɔ:] | prep. | 1) (时间或顺序)在...之前 2) (位置)在...前面 |
extinction [ik'stiŋkʃәn] | n. | (植物、动物、生活方式等的)灭绝,绝种,消亡 |
句子成分分析:
So, [in the words (of Smith)], "calling someone 'bird-brained' is [actually] quite a compliment!"
句子语法结构详解:
* " calling 为动名词,在句中作主语。
* bird-brained 为名词作宾语补足语(即构成复合宾语)。
* is 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。
* someone 为不定代词。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
quite a | 不一般, 相当 |
Vocabulary:
so [sәu] | conj. | 1) 因此, 所以 2) (表目的)以便,以免 |
word [wә:d] | n. | 1) 话语,言语 2) 单词 |
smith [smiθ] | n. | 铁匠, 金属品工匠 |
call [kɔ:l] | vt. | 1) 大声叫,大声说 2) 把……叫做,称呼 |
someone ['sʌmwʌn] | pron | 1) 某人; 有人 2) 重要人物 |
actually ['æktʃuәli] | ad. | 1) 实际上,事实上 2) (口语中用于强调事实)的确,真实地,事实上 |
compliment ['kɔmplimәnt] | n. | 1) 表示赞扬,钦佩 2) (compliments)致敬,敬意,问候 |
以上是秒词邦为您整理编写的文章《2021辽宁省大连市高三下学期第三次模拟考试英语试卷阅读理解C篇》的全部内容。秒词邦是国内权威分题型分考点背诵中高考/四六级考研/专升本/出国单词的专业单词软件。扫描如下小程序码,进入秒词邦官方小程序获取更多英语相关资料! 【关键词:高考单词;高考英语;高中单词;高中英语;单词app;单词软件;记单词app;记单词软件;背单词软件;背单词app;英语单词;四六级单词;四六级英语;四六级单词app;四六级单词软件;考研单词app;考研单词软件;核心单词;高考冲刺复习;高考英语教材;高考英语真题;四六级真题;四六级试题;考研真题;考研英语单词;考研英语真题】