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Microplastics are everywhere in our environment. It's hardly surprising that the tiny fragments have also been found in humans. A new study shows that Americans are consuming as many as 121,000 particles each year.
Measuring 50 to 500 microns in length, microplastics come from a variety of sources, including large plastics that break down into smaller and smaller pieces. Therefore, much remains unknown about the common existence of these materials within the human body, as well as their impact on human health.
Hoping to fill in some of these gaps, a research team led by Kieran Cox, a PhD candidate at the University of Victoria, looked at 26 papers assessing the amount of microplastics in commonly consumed food items, among which are seafood, sugars, salts, honey, alcohol and water. The team also evaluated the potential consumption of microplastics through inhalation （吸入）using previously reported data on microplastic concentrations in the air and the Environmental Protection Agency's reported respiration rates. Based on these data, the researchers calculated that our annual consumption of microplastics via food and drink ranges from 39,000 to 52,000 particles. When microplastics taken in through inhalation are taken into account, the range jumps to between 74,000 and 121,000 particles per year.
The authors of the study found that people who drink exclusively from plastic water bottles absorb an additional 90,000 microplastics each year, compared to 4,000 among those who only consume tap water. "This shows that small decisions, over the course of a year, really matter and have an impact." Cox says. The new study, according to its authors, was the first to investigate "the accumulative human exposure" to microplastics. But in all likelihood, the research tells only a small part of the entire story. Collectively, the food and drink that the researchers analyzed represent 15 percent of Americans' caloric intake. The team could not account for food groups like fruits, vegetables and grains because there simply is not enough data on their microplastic content.
For those worried about microplastic consumption, cutting down bottled water is a good place to start. But to the heart of the problem, we have to stop producing and using so much plastic.
微塑料在我们的环境中无处不在。在人类身上也发现了这些微小的碎片，这一点也不奇怪。一项新的研究表明，美国人每年消耗多达12.1万个颗粒物。
微塑料的长度为50到500微米，来源多种多样，包括分解成越来越小的碎片的大型塑料。因此，对于这些物质在人体内的普遍存在，以及它们对人体健康的影响，仍有许多未知之处。
为了填补这些空白，由维多利亚大学博士候选人基兰·考克斯(Kieran Cox)领导的一个研究小组研究了26篇论文，评估了常见食品中微塑料的含量，其中包括海鲜、糖、盐、蜂蜜、酒精和水。该团队还利用先前报告的空气中微塑料浓度数据和环境保护局报告的呼吸速率，评估了通过吸入()摄入微塑料的潜在可能性。根据这些数据，研究人员计算出，我们每年通过食物和饮料摄入的塑料微粒在3.9万到5.2万个之间。如果将吸入的微塑料考虑在内，这个范围将跃升至每年7.4万至12.1万个颗粒。
该研究的作者发现，只喝塑料水瓶的人每年会额外吸收9万个微塑料，而只喝自来水的人每年会吸收4000个微塑料。“这表明，在一年的时间里，一些小决定真的很重要，而且会产生影响。”考克斯说。据其作者称，这项新研究首次调查了“人体对微塑料的累积暴露”。但很有可能，这项研究只讲述了整个故事的一小部分。总的来说，研究人员分析的食物和饮料占美国人卡路里摄入量的15%。该团队无法解释水果、蔬菜和谷物等食物类别，因为没有足够的微塑料含量数据。
对于那些担心微塑料消耗的人来说，减少瓶装水是一个很好的开始。但问题的核心是，我们必须停止生产和使用这么多塑料。
句子成分分析：
It's [hardly] surprising | that the tiny fragments have [also] been found [in humans].
句子语法结构详解：
(found 为 find 的过去分词。It's = It is)
* it 为先行主语，代表后移的主语从句。
* is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。
* surprising 为形容词作表语。
* that 引导主语从句。
* found 为谓语，采用现在完成时和被动语态。
* have, been 为助动词。the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释：
Vocabulary:
hardly ['hɑ:dli] | ad. | 1) 几乎不 2) 刚刚, 才 |
surprising [sә'praiziŋ] | a. | 令人吃惊的，使人惊奇的，出人意料的，奇怪的 |
tiny ['taini] | a. | 极小的，微小的，微量的 |
fragment ['frægmәnt] | n. | 片段，碎片 |
also ['ɔ:lsәu] | ad. | 而且；此外；也；同样 |
find [faind] | vt. | 1) （意外或偶然地）发现，碰到 2) 找到，找回 |
human ['hju:mәn] | n. | 人，人类 |
句子成分分析：
The team also evaluated the potential consumption (of microplastics) [through inhalation ] using previously reported
data[on microplastic concentrations][in the air]||and the Environmental Protection Agency's reported respiration rates.
句子语法结构详解：
(Agency's = agency has)
* evaluated 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* using 为现在分词，作状语。
* reported 为过去分词作定语
* and 为并列连词，连接并列句。
* 第2个 reported 为谓语，采用现在完成时。
* has 为助动词。the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释：
Phrase:
1) 在空中 2) 在传播中, 流行， 可以感觉到 |
Vocabulary:
team [ti:m] | n. | 1) （游戏或运动的）队 2) （一起工作的）组，班 |
also ['ɔ:lsәu] | ad. | 而且；此外；也；同样 |
evaluate [i'væljueit] | vt. | 估值，评价，评估 |
potential [pә'tenʃәl] | a. | 潜在的，可能的 |
consumption [kәn'sʌmpʃәn] | n. | 1) 消费 2) 消耗，消耗量 |
through [θru:] | prep. | 1) 借助，凭借，通过，经由 2) 从某物的一端到另一端, 穿透, 通过 |
inhalation [,inhә'leiʃәn] | n. | 吸入 |
use [ju:z] | vt. | 1) 使用，利用，运用 2) 消耗 |
previously | ad. | 之前, 先前, 以前 |
report [ri'pɔ:t] | vt. | 1) 报道，公布，发表，宣布 2) 汇报，通报，报告 |
vt. | 1) 报道，公布，发表，宣布 2) 汇报，通报，报告 | |
data ['deitә] | n. | 数据；资料，材料 |
concentration [,kɔnsәn'treiʃәn] | n. | 1) 专注, 专心 2) 关注，重视 3) 浓度,含量 |
and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后，接着 |
environmental [in,vaiәrәn'mentәl] | a. | 环境的 |
protection [prә'tekʃәn] | n. | 1) 保护，防卫 2) 保护物，护身符 |
agency ['eidʒәnsi] | n. | 1) 服务机构，（尤指）代理机构，经销机构 2) 专门机构 |
respiration [,respә'reiʃәn] | n. | 呼吸 |
rate [reit] | n. | 1) 比率，率 2) 速度，进度 |
句子成分分析：
But [to the heart (of the problem)], we have to stop producing and using so much plastic.
句子语法结构详解：
* stop 为谓语。
* producing 为动名词，作宾语。
* using 为动名词。
* have to 为情态动词。we 为人称代词主格。the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释：
Phrase:
| have to | 1) 不得不 2) 必须 |
| stop doing sth | 停止做某事 |
| so much | 1) 这么多, 那么多 2) 这么, 那么, 达到这种程度 |
Vocabulary:
| but [bʌt] | conj. | 1) 但是 2) 而, 却 |
| heart [hɑ:t] | n. | 1) 心脏 2) 内心，心肠 |
| problem ['prɔblәm] | n. | 1) 棘手的问题，难题，困难 2) 逻辑题，数学题 |
| produce [prә'dju:s] | vt. | 1) 生产，制造 2) 生长，出产，繁育 |
| and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后，接着 |
| use [ju:z] | vt. | 1) 使用，利用，运用 2) 消耗 |
| plastic ['plæstik] | n. | 1) 塑料 2) （plastics）塑料学 |
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