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作为克罗地亚萨格勒布大学的病毒学家，贝塔·哈拉斯在4年前得知自己乳腺癌再次复发时，决定在自己身上使用一种医学界正在研究的癌症治疗方式——病毒疗法。这种治疗方法可以避免化疗等传统治疗方法对身体带来的破坏性副作用。
美国食品和药物管理局于2015年首次批准了一种溶瘤病毒疗法，即使用经过改造以专门攻击癌细胞的病毒来治疗皮肤癌。从那时起，研究团队就一直试图扩大这种疗法的可应用范围。不过，截至目前，新疗法的临床试验依然有限。
注入病毒缩小肿瘤
45个月未复发
据《自然》杂志最新报道，在肿瘤科医生的同意下，哈拉斯将自己作为测试对象，并与同事一起给自己注射了她本人在实验室培养的两种病毒。几周后，自制的药物使她的肿瘤缩小，外科医生对其进行了切除。
在今年8月发表于《疫苗》期刊上的一篇论文中，记录了哈拉斯在自己身上做的这一实验。哈拉斯和合著者表示，这种“非常规”治疗方法使她的病情缓解了近四年。
哈拉斯在2016年被诊断患有乳腺癌，随后开始化疗。在2020年病情复发后，哈拉斯和她的同事使用了自己培养的两种病毒，一种用于疫苗的麻疹病毒，以及一种影响牲畜的水泡性口炎病毒，来对其癌症进行治疗。据报道，这些病毒在约六周内，以不同的时间间隔被注射到哈拉斯的肿瘤中。
治疗约11天后，哈拉斯的肿瘤开始缩小。六周注射结束后，肿瘤已缩小到可以进行手术切除。研究指出，这是一个非常好的结果——除了有一天哈拉斯出现发烧外，治疗过程中几乎没有产生严重的副作用。外科医生切除肿瘤后，目前也未发现其体内有肿瘤扩散或生长的迹象。
据报道，哈拉斯的乳腺癌自2016年确诊后复发过两次。研究称，她接受病毒疗法后，已经有45个月没有再复发。
自我实验引发争议
研究具有“孤立性”
有生物伦理学家表示，哈拉斯进行了医学界一直备受争议的自我实验，其公布的结果并不能完全具备科学研究的公正。他们认为，尽管哈拉斯是唯一有资格权衡后做出这一决定的人，但她可能仍然缺乏将自己作为测试对象来进行客观研究的视角。
“从我的角度来看，自我实验从根本上来说并不违反道德，”威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校法律与生物伦理学名誉教授阿尔塔·查罗表示，但“这可能是不明智的。研究成果可能确实会受到（既是研究者又是患者）这样的角色带来的不切实际的期望的影响……但我并不认为它是不道德的。”
斯坦福大学法律与生物科学中心主任汉克·格里利表示：“一般来说，医生医治家人或自己都被认为是一个坏主意，因为他们缺乏做好工作所必需的客观性。自我实验也是如此。”
反对该疗法的人还认为，公开哈拉斯这样的案例可能会鼓励不太合格的患者以更危险的方式进行自我实验。
哈拉斯及其合著者在研究中承认，这项研究是“孤立的”，哈拉斯研究的情况也很难重复，因为“这项研究之所以可行，是因为患者也是一名病毒学专家。”
医学界认为，这样的尝试可能会带来重大的医学突破，但也可能会带来伤害甚至死亡。杰西·拉齐尔是19世纪研究黄热病的美国医生，他为了证明这种疾病的传播方式而让自己被蚊子叮咬，最终死于这种疾病。秘鲁医学生丹尼尔·卡里昂于1885年感染卡里昂病后死亡，这种疾病后来以他的名字命名。
翻译：
When Beta Halas, a virologist at the University of Zagreb in Croatia, learned four years ago that her breast cancer had returned, she decided to use a type of cancer treatment being researched by the medical community - viral therapy - on herself. The treatment avoids the damaging side effects that traditional treatments like chemotherapy can have on the body.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration first approved an oncolytic virus therapy in 2015, which uses viruses engineered to specifically attack cancer cells to treat skin cancer. Since then, the research team has been trying to expand the range of applications for this treatment. So far, however, clinical trials of the new treatment have been limited.
Inject the virus to shrink the tumor
45 months without recurrence
According to a new report in the journal Nature, with the consent of her oncologist, Haras used herself as a test subject and, along with colleagues, injected herself with two viruses that she had grown in the lab. After a few weeks, homemade drugs shrank her tumor and surgeons removed it.
Harrah's experiment on himself was documented in a paper published in August in the journal Vaccine. Haras and co-authors say this "unconventional" treatment put her in remission for nearly four years.
Haras was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2016 and subsequently began chemotherapy. After a relapse in 2020, Haras and her colleagues treated their cancer with two viruses they had grown themselves, a measles virus used in vaccines and a vesicular stomatitis virus that affects livestock. The viruses were reportedly injected into Harras' tumors at various intervals over a period of about six weeks.
About 11 days after treatment, Harrah's tumor began to shrink. By the end of the six-week injection, the tumor had shrunk enough to be surgically removed. The study noted that this was a very good outcome - with few serious side effects from the treatment, other than one day when Harrah's developed a fever. After surgeons removed the tumor, they found no signs of its spread or growth.
Harrah's breast cancer has reportedly recurred twice since her diagnosis in 2016. The study said she had not relapsed for 45 months after receiving viral therapy.
Self-experimentation is controversial
Research is' isolated '
Bioethicists have said that Harrah's self-experiments have been controversial in the medical community, and its published results are not fully fair scientific research. They argued that although Harras was uniquely qualified to make this decision after weighing it, she may still lack the perspective to conduct an objective study of herself as a test subject.
"From my perspective, self-experimentation is not fundamentally unethical," says Alta Charo, professor emeritus of law and bioethics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, but "it may be unwise." Research outcomes may indeed be affected by unrealistic expectations that come with a role (both researcher and patient)... But I don't think it's immoral."
Hank Greeley, director of Stanford University's center for Law and Biological Sciences, said: "In general, doctors treating family members or themselves is considered a bad idea because they lack the objectivity necessary to do a good job. The same goes for self-experimentation."
Opponents of the therapy also argue that publicizing cases like Harrah's could encourage less qualified patients to self-experiment in more dangerous ways.
Haras and his co-authors acknowledge in the study that the study was "isolated" and that the situation in Haras's study would be difficult to replicate because "the study was possible because the patient was also an expert in virology."
The medical community believes that such an attempt could lead to a major medical breakthrough, but it could also lead to injury or even death. Jesse Lazier, an American doctor who studied yellow fever in the 19th century, died of the disease after allowing himself to be bitten by mosquitoes in order to prove how the disease was transmitted. Daniel Carrion, a Peruvian medical student, died in 1885 after contracting Carrion's disease, which was later named after him.
句子分析：
1.
句子成分分析：
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration first approved an oncolytic virus therapy [in 2015, (which uses viruses engineered to specifically attack cancer cells to treat skin cancer)].
句子语法结构详解：
* approved 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* which 为关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句。
* uses 为谓语，采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* engineered 为过去分词，作后置定语。
* to specifically attack 为不定式，作宾语补足语(或称复合宾语)。
* to treat 为不定式，作状语。
* the 为定冠词。an 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释：
Vocabulary:
| U.S. | n. | (=United State)美国 |
| food [fu:d] | n. | 食物 |
| and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后，接着 |
| drug [drʌg] | n. | 1) 药物 2) 毒品 |
| administration [әd,mini'streiʃәn] | n. | 1) （企业、学校等的）管理，行政 2) 施行，执行 |
| first [fә:st] | ad. | 1) 首先，第一，最初 2) （列举时）首先， 第一 |
| approve [ә'pru:v] | vt. | 1) 批准，通过（计划、提案、要求等） 2) 认可，核准 |
| virus ['vaiәrәs] | n. | 1) 病毒；滤过性病毒 2) 病毒性疾病；病毒病 |
| therapy ['θerәpi] | n. | 1) 治疗，疗法 2) 心理治疗，精神治疗 |
| use [ju:z] | vt. | 1) 使用，利用，运用 2) 消耗 |
| engineer [,endʒi'niә] | vt. | 1) 密谋策划 2) 设计制造 |
| specifically [spi'sifikli] | ad. | 1) 特意；专门地 2) 明确地；具体地 |
| attack [ә'tæk] | vt. | 1) 攻击, 袭击, 进攻 2) 抨击 |
| cancer ['kænsә] | n. | 1) 癌症, 癌 2) 邪恶，祸害 |
| cell [sel] | n. | 1) 细胞 2) 牢房 |
| treat [tri:t] | vt. | 1) 招待，款待，请（客），买（可享受的东西） 2) 以……态度对待，以……方式对待 |
| skin [skin] | n. | 1) 皮肤 2) ……皮肤的 |
2.
句子成分分析：
[According to a new report] [in the journal Nature], [with the consent (of her oncologist)], Haras used herself as a test subject and, <along with colleagues>, injected herself with two viruses (that she had grown [in the lab]).
句子语法结构详解：
(grown 为 grow 的过去分词。)
* used 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* injected 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* that 为关系代词，引导定语从句。
* grown 为谓语，采用过去完成时。
* she 为人称代词主格。her 为形容词型物主代词。herself 为自身代词。had 为助动词。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释：
Phrase:
| according to | 根据，据（某人）所述 |
| use...as... | 把...用作..., 用...作为... |
| along with... | 1) 除...之外(还), ...也一样 2) 和……一起, 和……一道, 随身带……, 伴着…… |
Vocabulary:
| new [nju:] | a. | 1) 新的，刚出现的，新近推出的 2) （the new）新东西，新事物 |
| report [ri'pɔ:t] | n. | 1) 报告，汇报，记述 2) 报道 |
| journal ['dʒә:nәl] | n. | 1) （某学科或专业的）报纸，刊物，杂志 2) （用于报纸名）……报 |
| nature ['neitʃә] | n. | 1) 大自然 2) 本性, 天性, 性格 |
| consent [kәn'sent] | n. | 1) 赞同，同意 2) 允许，批准 |
| herself [hә:'self] | pron | 她自己 |
| test [test] | n. | 1) 考查,考试,测试 2) 试验，测试 |
| subject ['sʌbdʒekt] | n. | 1) 主题，题目，题材 2) 学科，科目 |
| and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后，接着 |
| colleague ['kɔli:g] | n. | 同事，同僚 |
| inject [in'dʒekt] | vt. | 1) （给……）注射（液体） 2) （给……）注射（药物等） |
| two [tu:] | num | 二 |
| virus ['vaiәrәs] | n. | 1) 病毒；滤过性病毒 2) 病毒性疾病；病毒病 |
| grow [grәu] | vt. | 种植， 使生长 |
| lab [læb] | n. | 实验室 |
3.
句子成分分析：
After a relapse (in 2020, Haras and her colleagues) treated their cancer with two viruses || they had grown themselves, a measles virus used [in vaccines] and a vesicular stomatitis virus (that affects livestock).
句子语法结构详解：
(grown 为 grow 的过去分词。)
* after 为连词，引导时间状语从句。
* treated 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* they 开头为陈述句。
* grown 为谓语，采用过去完成时。
* used 为过去分词，作后置定语。
* that 为关系代词，引导定语从句。
* affects 为谓语，采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* they 为人称代词主格。her, their 为形容词型物主代词。themselves 为自身代词。had 为助动词。a 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释：
Phrase:
| treat...with... | 1) 用...态度或方式对待... 2) 用...处理..., 通过...保护... |
Vocabulary:
| after ['ɑ:ftә] | conj. | (时间上)在...之后 |
| relapse [ri'læps] | n. | 旧病复发 |
| and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后，接着 |
| colleague ['kɔli:g] | n. | 同事，同僚 |
| cancer ['kænsә] | n. | 1) 癌症, 癌 2) 邪恶，祸害 |
| two [tu:] | num | 二 |
| virus ['vaiәrәs] | n. | 1) 病毒；滤过性病毒 2) 病毒性疾病；病毒病 |
| grow [grәu] | vt. | 种植， 使生长 |
| themselves [ðәm'selvz] | pron | 他们自己, 她们自己, 它们自己 |
| measles ['mi:zlz] | n. | 麻疹 |
| use [ju:z] | vt. | 1) 使用，利用，运用 2) 消耗 |
| vaccine ['væksi:n] | n. | 疫苗，菌苗 |
| vesicular [vi'sikjulә] | a. | (具)囊的, 有泡的, 由泡形成的 |
| stomatitis [,stәumә'taitis] | n. | 口腔炎 |
| affect [ә'fekt] | vt. | 1) 影响 2) （疾病）侵袭，感染 |
| livestock ['laivstɔk] | n. | 牲畜，家畜 |
4.
句子成分分析：
They argued | that although Harras was [uniquely] qualified to make this decision [after weighing it], || she may still lack the perspective to conduct an objective study (of herself) [as a test subject].
句子语法结构详解：
* argued 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* that 为连词，引导宾语从句。
* although 为连词，引导让步状语从句。
* qualified 为谓语，采用一般过去时和被动语态。
* to make 为不定式，作状语。
* weighing 为动名词，作介词宾语。
* she 开头为陈述句。
* lack 为谓语。
* to conduct 为不定式，作状语。
* may 为情态动词。they, she 为人称代词主格。herself 为自身代词。was 为助动词。the 为定冠词。a/an 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释：
Vocabulary:
| argue ['ɑ:gju] | vt. | 1) 争辩,论证,提出理由说明,据理力争 2) 证明, 表明 |
| although [ɔ:l'ðəu] | conj. | 1) 虽然; 尽管; 即使 2) 然而; 可是 |
| qualify ['kwɔlifai] | vt. | 1) 使合格，使具备资格 2) 有权，使有权（做某事） |
| make [meik] | vt. | 1) 做, 制作, 创造，创作, 建造 2) 使出现, 形成 3) 引起, 使产生 |
| this [θis] | a. | 1) 这(个) 2) 今,本 |
| decision [di'siʒәn] | n. | 1) 决定，抉择 2) 果敢，决断力 |
| after ['ɑ:ftә] | prep. | 1) (时间、次序或位置)在...之后 2) 仅次于 |
| weigh [wei] | vt. | 1) （通常用磅称）称……的重量，称，测……的重量 2) 有……重，重（多少） |
| still [stil] | ad. | 1) 仍然, 还是，还 2) (加强比较级)还要，还有，更 |
| lack [læk] | vt. | 没有，缺乏，不足，短缺 |
| perspective [pә'spektiv] | n. | 1) （思考的）角度或方法，态度，观点 2) 透视法 |
| conduct [kən'dʌkt] | vt. | 1) 指挥（歌唱或音乐演奏） 2) 组织，安排，实施，执行 |
| objective [әb'dʒektiv] | a. | 1) 客观的，就事论事的，不带个人感情的 2) 客观存在的，基于事实的 |
| study ['stʌdi] | n. | 1) 学习，研究 2) 作业，学业 |
| herself [hә:'self] | pron | 她自己 |
| as [æz] | prep. | 1) 作为, 当作 2) 像，如同 |
| test [test] | n. | 1) 考查,考试,测试 2) 试验，测试 |
| subject ['sʌbdʒekt] | n. | 1) 主题，题目，题材 2) 学科，科目 |
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