秒词邦

多所高校降低转专业门槛 如何实施？有何影响？

  6月25日左右，全国各地陆续公布高考分数，随之而来的志愿填报及录取是很多考生和家长的头等大事。近日，不少高校在2024本科招生政策发布会上介绍了学校本科生转专业的新规，进一步降低学生转专业申请门槛，政策灵活度更高，可选择次数更多。各大高校为何降低转专业申请门槛？这项政策如何更好落地？将给高等教育带来哪些改变和影响？

政策灵活度更高 可选择次数更多

02:19

上海交通大学土木工程专业的大一学生吴明喆，将在今年下半年转入天文学专业。天文发烧友的他由于高考成绩不理想，与心仪的专业失之交臂，今年，上海交大放开转专业申请条件限制，他抓住时机，终于圆了自己的梦想。和他一样，上交大选择转专业并转成功的学生人数较去年增幅150%以上。 

上海交通大学教务处处长 章俊良：允许大一大二大三的学生多次申请转专业，让所有学生都有平等的机会和选择权，帮助学生来提升自己的专业满意度，实现个人职业规划目标。

杨双源是吉林大学的大一学生，在植物生产类专业经过了一个学期的学习后，她发现自己对法学专业更感兴趣。于是，小杨申请转到法学院学习，并被成功录取。 

吉林大学法学院大一学生 杨双源：当时高考报考的时候考虑了学校的地理位置还有综合能力，但是没有太多对自己兴趣爱好还有自身能力特长进行考虑，辅以自己的兴趣爱好，可以有助于我们的学习以及将来的发展。

去年起，吉林大学实施转专业政策改革，允许大一和大二学生在一定条件下，根据自身兴趣、特长和发展需要调整所学专业，并可申请多个转专业志愿。 

吉林大学教务处副处长 姜湧：每个年级每个同学在报转专业的时候，最多是可以选择6个专业的，两年放在一起，最多可以选择12个专业。

和上海交通大学、吉林大学一样，近年来，同济大学、复旦大学、武汉大学、华中科技大学、齐鲁工业大学等多所大学都实施了相对灵活的转专业政策，除以特殊招生形式录取的学生，国家有相关规定或者录取前与学校有明确约定的不允许转专业等情况外，降低学生转专业申请资格条件。 

同济大学公布的2024本科招生政策显示，学生进校拥有7次对专业作出选择的机会。 

齐鲁工业大学也宣布，所有大一学生都有申请转专业的资格，一次可以填报三个志愿，为学生成长成才创造更广阔的空间。 

避免一哄而上 转出无限制转入有标准

高校降低了转专业申请门槛，是否会一哄而入，导致学校不同专业的学生数量失衡？降低转专业申请门槛不是零门槛，为保证公平公正，学生需要经过怎样的考核，怎样的流程才可以成功转专业？

02:25

今年4月，吴明喆参加了上海交大天文学专业的面试，顺利通过考察。他告诉记者，面试涉及专业兴趣、学习态度、专业知识和学业规划等多个维度。 

上海交通大学转专业学生 吴明喆：面试老师会顺着我们回答的每一个问题，继续往下去深究，会继续问它的原理是什么。

上海交通大学教务处处长 章俊良：转出是零门槛，但这不意味着转入也是零门槛，我们每一个学院都有一套非常完备的面试考核体系，也有非常详细的基本要求，比如面试委员会的组成，考核的细则以及考核学生的观察点，对学生有非常科学客观的判断。

与之相似，吉林大学不仅有严格规范的面试，考查学生的相关素质，有具体成绩的要求，还根据学科专业的师资以及硬件等条件的配备，确定可转入的人数等，以保障教学质量。以杨双源转入的法学院为例，今年，学院根据教学资源配置情况，公开招收转专业大一学生36名，大二学生12名。 

吉林大学法学院大一学生 杨双源：会有笔试和面试两轮的考核，最后是笔试成绩乘以60%，面试成绩乘以40%，得到了最终转专业的考核成绩，对这个成绩再进行综合排名。

吉林大学教务处副处长 姜湧：为了防止这种一哄而入的现象，学校在设置政策之初就明确了相关的学院是要设置接收上限的，这个主要是从学院的生师比，教学条件的保障度这方面来考虑的。我们通常是设置转入专业当届总人数20%到25%之间，学院都会公布自己招生的具体名额数是多少，最终确定转专业成功的人选，还要有相应的公示的流程，保障后续教学质量和教学秩序的平稳。

齐鲁工业大学副校长 刘玉：入口我们限制到专业原有人数的30%。 

由此可见，多所大学探索“转专业自由”是针对申请而言的，但是，转专业能否成功，还要看转专业考核的成绩等因素。以吉林大学为例，今年学校共有1960名学生参加转专业考核，最终有1040名学生实现转专业。 

吉林大学教务处副处长 姜湧：从实际转专业情况来看，真正能转专业的学生素质还是非常高的，而且后续学习动力也是非常强劲的。

专家观点：激发学生兴趣 优化专业设置

各大高校纷纷降低转专业申请门槛，政策出台的背景是什么？为何要实施这一政策？

02:02

其实，高校转专业政策早已有之，并且越来越重视体现学生的兴趣和专长，逐渐放宽转专业的申请条件。2017年，教育部《普通高等学校学生管理规定》第二十一条规定，“学生在学习期间对其他专业有兴趣和专长的，可以申请转专业；以特殊招生形式录取的学生，国家有相关规定或者录取前与学校有明确约定的，不得转专业。学校应当制定学生转专业的具体办法，建立公平、公正的标准和程序，健全公示制度。学校根据社会对人才需求情况的发展变化，需要适当调整专业的，应当允许在读学生转到其他相关专业就读。” 

青岛大学校长 魏志强：本科生转专业放开是一个利好的消息，体现了学生是第一主体，因为大学的目的就是培养学生，也体现了学生的兴趣是培养的第一动力。同时转专业的过程，也能够让我们在专业优化等方面来提高我们整个办学质量。

专家还表示，降低转专业申请门槛也可以促进学校重视专业建设，优化专业设置。 

中国教育在线总编辑 陈志文：最近两年在高考的志愿填报里边出现了一个非常明显的倾向，因为就业压力导致大家对就读专业的未来就业预期特别在意，这样就直接表现为特别挑剔专业。这是导致今年学校在转专业上政策调整的一个原因之一，但更重要的我认为它也是吻合，或者为了配合推进目前的高校学科专业设置改革。我们在去年五部委提出就是到2025年调整20%的高校的专业，还有一个方向淘汰老旧专业，增设四新专业（新工科、新医科、新农科、新文科），这些都是为了积极回应社会需求，也是回应老百姓的需求，都是值得肯定的。 

转专业须理智 避免盲目跟风

这些高校的转专业政策普遍采取志愿优先、双向选择、严格考核、择优录取的原则，保证科学公平。既给学生更多的选择权，也为学生把好关，体现了转专业政策的严肃性。对于转专业这件事，学生和高校都有哪些具体建议呢？

01:34

青岛大学2022级生物技术专业学生 张艳薇：到大学可能会有迷茫的时候，如果你真的很喜欢在高考之后选择的这个专业，我建议的话还是要坚定下去。 

齐鲁工业大学大三学生 刘琪：如果想转专业，就在大一尽早做好准备，去查询转专业的相关要求，通过自己努力，达到相应标准。 

上海交通大学微电子科学与工程专业大一学生 叶宇同：不要盲目跟风去一些所谓热门专业，要想清楚自己是否真的喜欢，是否真的合适，除了专业之外，个人能力和个人发展，也是非常重要的因素，一个专业不能决定所有。

专家提醒，不要盲目追逐所谓“热门”专业，因为“热门”的概念一直在变。从学生的长远发展看，淡化“冷门”“热门”概念，适合自己的才是最好的。 

青岛大学校长 魏志强：专业从长远来讲，其实并没有太多的热门和冷门一说。因为大学里边，专业最重要的目的是培养学生的能力，也就是说是培养你学习的能力，你在任何一个专业里面都能培养出来自己的学习能力，这是最关键的一点。 

校方也提醒学生，转专业还要面临学科重修、降级以及延期毕业等相关问题。 

吉林大学教务处副处长 姜湧：二年级叫降转，他需要降一级，然后重修所转专业原有的相关的基础课程。

上海交通大学教务处处长 章俊良：学生转专业他也会需要付出一定的机会成本。比如说对专业跨度比较大的专业，他有可能学业会更繁重，他需要补修很多的课程，教务处和学院也会多次告知，转专业在修业过程中可能会出现的问题和挑战，请学生仔细衡量、谨慎对待，对自己的每一个选择负起责任。

政策如何更好落地？对高等教育影响几何？

降低转专业申请门槛，希望把更大的选择权交到学生手中。那么，如何让政策更好地落地？这项政策给高等教育带来哪些改变和影响？来听二十一世纪教育研究院院长熊丙奇的解读。

01:55

二十一世纪教育研究院院长 熊丙奇： 要让这样的转专业政策落地的话，高校必须对学生进行生涯规划教育。对进入大学的大学生，要对他们进行生涯指导，包括让他们认识自己的兴趣、能力，以及了解大学的学科和专业。如果这些学生还是不是特别了解自己感兴趣什么，或者说适合什么，他们可能是盲目追逐转所谓的热门专业，这样的话其实违背了转专业政策的初衷。同时，也要加强对学校的专业的了解，这样的话才能够让这个转专业政策真正起到扩大学生选择权，又引导学生理性选择，提高学生对学校专业满意度的作用。 

二十一世纪教育研究院院长 熊丙奇： 同时，这样的政策它也要促进学校优化学科和专业。因为从总体上来看，很多人还是把大学的专业分为热门专业和冷门专业，都想要进所谓的热门专业，避免去进所谓的冷门专业。而转专业政策它不是说让学生都进所谓的热门专业，而是要促进学校办好每一个专业，让每个专业都办出特色，有质量保障。这样的话才能够真正避免我们所谓的单向的转热门专业，而是选择适合学生的专业。因此这个转专业政策，它本质是要促进学校它各个专业的平等竞争，通过这个转专业政策来优化学校的学科专业的布局，使得学生能够通过这个专业的学习来提高他的一个核心竞争能力，这样的话其实就是要淡化所谓的热门和冷门，而是要强化专业的质量和特色。

How to implement the reduction of the threshold for transferring majors in multiple universities? What is the impact?

Around June 25th, various parts of the country announced their scores for the college entrance examination, and the subsequent voluntary application and admission became a top priority for many candidates and parents. Recently, many universities have introduced new regulations for undergraduate students to switch majors at the 2024 undergraduate enrollment policy press conference, further lowering the application threshold for students to switch majors. The policy has higher flexibility and allows for more choices. Why do major universities lower the application threshold for transferring majors? How can this policy be better implemented? What changes and impacts will it bring to higher education?

Higher policy flexibility with more options available

02:19

Wu Mingzhe, a freshman majoring in Civil Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, will transfer to Astronomy in the second half of this year. As an astronomy enthusiast, he missed out on his desired major due to poor performance in the college entrance examination. This year, Shanghai Jiao Tong University lifted the application requirements for transferring majors, and he seized the opportunity to finally fulfill his dream. Like him, the number of students at Shanghai Jiao Tong University who choose to transfer majors and successfully transfer has increased by more than 150% compared to last year.

Zhang Junliang, director of the academic Affairs Office of Shanghai Jiao Tong University: Allow freshmen, sophomores, and juniors to apply multiple times to transfer majors, providing equal opportunities and choices for all students, helping them improve their professional satisfaction and achieve personal career planning goals.

Yang Shuangyuan is a freshman student at Jilin University. After a semester of studying in the field of plant production, she found herself more interested in the field of law. So, Xiaoyang applied to transfer to the law school and was successfully admitted.

Yang Shuangyuan, a freshman student at the Law School of Jilin University: When applying for the college entrance examination, we considered the geographical location and comprehensive abilities of the school. However, we did not consider our interests, hobbies, and strengths too much. By complementing our interests and strengths, it can help us with our learning and future development.

Since last year, Jilin University has implemented a policy reform to transfer majors, allowing freshmen and sophomores to adjust their majors according to their own interests, strengths, and development needs under certain conditions, and can apply for multiple majors to transfer.

Jiang Yong, Deputy Director of the Academic Affairs Office of Jilin University: Each student in each grade can choose up to 6 majors when applying for a major transfer. If combined for two years, they can choose up to 12 majors.

Like Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Jilin University, in recent years, many universities such as Tongji University, Fudan University, Wuhan University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Qilu University of Technology have implemented relatively flexible policies for transferring majors. Except for students admitted through special enrollment forms, which are not allowed to transfer majors according to relevant national regulations or clear agreements with the university before admission, the eligibility requirements for students to transfer majors are reduced.

The 2024 undergraduate enrollment policy announced by Tongji University shows that students have 7 opportunities to choose their majors upon admission.

Qilu University of Technology has also announced that all first-year students are eligible to apply for a transfer of major, and can fill out three choices at once, creating a broader space for students to grow and become talented.

Avoid rushing to transfer out without restrictions. There are standards for transferring in

Will universities lower the threshold for transferring majors, leading to an imbalance in the number of students from different majors? Lowering the application threshold for transferring majors is not a zero threshold. To ensure fairness and justice, what kind of assessment and process do students need to go through in order to successfully transfer majors?

02:25

In April this year, Wu Mingzhe participated in an interview for the Astronomy major at Shanghai Jiao Tong University and successfully passed the examination. He told reporters that the interview involves multiple dimensions such as professional interests, learning attitudes, professional knowledge, and academic planning.

Shanghai Jiao Tong University transfer major student Wu Mingzhe: The interview teacher will follow every question we answer and continue to delve deeper, asking what its principle is.

Zhang Junliang, Director of the Academic Affairs Office of Shanghai Jiao Tong University: There is a zero threshold for transferring out, but this does not mean that there is also a zero threshold for transferring in. Each of our colleges has a very comprehensive interview and assessment system, as well as very detailed basic requirements, such as the composition of the interview committee, the details of the assessment, and the observation points for assessing students, which provide a very scientific and objective judgment of students.

Similarly, Jilin University not only has strict and standardized interviews to assess students' relevant qualities and specific requirements for grades, but also determines the number of people who can be transferred based on the allocation of subject and major teachers and hardware conditions to ensure teaching quality. Taking the law school that Yang Shuangyuan transferred to as an example, this year, based on the allocation of teaching resources, the school publicly admitted 36 freshmen and 12 sophomores who transferred majors.

Yang Shuangyuan, a freshman student at the Law School of Jilin University, said that there will be two rounds of assessment: a written test and an interview. Finally, the written test score will be multiplied by 60%, and the interview score will be multiplied by 40% to obtain the final assessment score for transferring majors. This score will be comprehensively ranked.

Jiang Yong, Deputy Director of the Academic Affairs Office of Jilin University: In order to prevent such a phenomenon of crowding in, the school clearly stated at the beginning of the policy setting that relevant colleges should set an upper limit on admission, mainly considering the ratio of students to teachers and the guarantee of teaching conditions in the colleges. We usually set the total number of students who transfer to a major between 20% and 25%. The college will announce the specific number of enrollment quotas, and ultimately determine the successful candidates for the transfer. There should also be a corresponding publicity process to ensure the quality of subsequent teaching and the stability of teaching order.

Vice president Liu Yu of Qilu University of Technology: We limit the entrance to 30% of the original number of professionals.

From this, it can be seen that many universities are exploring the "freedom to transfer majors" for application purposes. However, the success of transferring majors depends on factors such as the scores of the transfer assessment. Taking Jilin University as an example, a total of 1960 students participated in the professional transfer assessment this year, and ultimately 1040 students achieved professional transfer.

Jiang Yong, Deputy Director of the Academic Affairs Office of Jilin University: From the actual situation of transferring majors, the quality of students who can truly transfer majors is still very high, and their subsequent learning motivation is also very strong.

Expert viewpoint: Stimulating student interest and optimizing professional settings

What is the background behind the policy of major universities lowering the application threshold for transferring majors? Why implement this policy?

02:02

In fact, the policy of transferring majors in universities has long been in place, and there is an increasing emphasis on reflecting students' interests and expertise, gradually relaxing the application conditions for transferring majors. In 2017, Article 21 of the "Regulations on the management of Students in ordinary Higher Education Institutions" issued by the Ministry of Education stipulated that "students who have an interest and expertise in other majors during their studies can apply to transfer majors; students admitted in the form of special enrollment are not allowed to transfer majors if there are relevant national regulations or clear agreements with the university before admission. Schools should formulate specific methods for students to transfer majors, establish fair and just standards and procedures, and improve the publicity system. Schools should allow students to transfer majors to other related majors according to the development and changes in talent demand in society."

President Wei Zhiqiang of Qingdao University: The opening up of undergraduate majors is good news, which reflects that students are the primary subject, because the purpose of universities is to cultivate students, and it also reflects that students' interests are the primary driving force for cultivation. The process of transferring majors at the same time can also help us improve the overall quality of our education through professional optimization and other aspects.

Experts also suggest that lowering the application threshold for transferring majors can promote schools to attach importance to professional construction and optimize professional settings.

Chen Zhiwen, editor in chief of China Education Online: In the past two years, there has been a very obvious tendency in the college entrance examination application form, because employment pressure has led people to pay special attention to the future employment expectations of their majors, which directly manifests as being particularly picky about their majors. This is one of the reasons for the policy adjustment of the school's major transfer this year, but more importantly, I believe it is also in line with, or in order to cooperate with, the current reform of subject and major settings in universities. Last year, our five ministries proposed to adjust 20% of the majors in universities by 2025, as well as to eliminate old majors and add four new majors (new engineering, new medical, new agriculture, and new humanities). These are all aimed at actively responding to social needs and the needs of the people, and are worthy of recognition.

To switch majors, one must be rational and avoid blindly following the trend

The policy of transferring majors in these universities generally adopts the principles of voluntary priority, two-way selection, strict assessment, and selective admission, ensuring scientific fairness. Not only does it give students more choices, but it also ensures that students are well controlled, reflecting the seriousness of the policy of transferring majors. What specific suggestions do students and universities have for transferring majors?

01:34

Zhang Yanwei, a biotechnology major student from Qingdao University in 2022: You may feel confused when you enter university. If you really like the major you choose after the college entrance examination, I suggest you stick to it.

Liu Qi, a junior student at Qilu University of Technology: If you want to change majors, prepare as early as possible in your freshman year, inquire about the relevant requirements for changing majors, and through your own efforts, meet the corresponding standards.

Ye Yutong, a freshman majoring in Microelectronics Science and Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, said: "Don't blindly follow the trend in some so-called popular majors. Think carefully about whether you really like them and whether they are suitable. In addition to your major, personal abilities and development are also very important factors. One major cannot determine everything.".

Experts remind us not to blindly pursue so-called "popular" majors, as the concept of "popular" is constantly changing. From the perspective of students' long-term development, downplaying the concepts of "unpopular" and "popular" is the best way to cater to oneself.

Wei Zhiqiang, President of Qingdao University: In the long run, there are not many popular or unpopular majors. Because in university, the most important purpose of a major is to cultivate students' abilities, that is to say, to cultivate your learning ability. You can cultivate your own learning ability in any major, which is the most crucial point.

The school also reminds students that transferring majors also faces related issues such as subject retaking, demotion, and delayed graduation.

Jiang Yong, Deputy Director of the Academic Affairs Office of Jilin University: In his second year, he needs to be demoted by one level and then retake the relevant basic courses of the major he transferred to.

Zhang Junliang, Director of the Academic Affairs Office of Shanghai Jiao Tong University: Students who switch majors will also need to pay a certain opportunity cost. For example, for majors with a wide range of majors, their academic workload may be heavier, and they may need to take a lot of remedial courses. The academic affairs office and college will also inform them multiple times about the problems and challenges that may arise during the process of transferring majors. Students are advised to carefully weigh and treat them with caution, and take responsibility for every choice they make.

How can policies be better implemented? What is the impact on higher education?

Lowering the threshold for transferring majors and hoping to give students greater choice. So, how can policies be better implemented? What changes and impacts does this policy bring to higher education? Let's listen to Xiong Bingqi, the president of the 21st Century Education Research Institute,'s interpretation.

01:55

Xiong Bingqi, President of the 21st Century Education Research Institute: In order for such a policy of transferring majors to be implemented, universities must provide career planning education for students. For college students who enter university, career guidance should be provided, including helping them understand their interests, abilities, as well as the disciplines and majors of the university. If these students still do not fully understand what they are interested in or suitable for, they may be blindly pursuing the so-called popular majors, which actually goes against the original intention of the major transfer policy. At the same time, it is also necessary to strengthen the understanding of the school's majors, so that this policy of transferring majors can truly expand students' choices, guide students to make rational choices, and improve their satisfaction with the school's majors.

Xiong Bingqi, President of the 21st Century Education Research Institute: At the same time, such policies should also promote the optimization of disciplines and majors in schools. Because overall, many people still divide university majors into popular and unpopular ones, hoping to enter so-called popular majors and avoid entering so-called unpopular majors. The policy of transferring majors does not mean that all students are enrolled in so-called popular majors, but rather to promote schools to run each major well, so that each major has its own characteristics and quality assurance. In this way, we can truly avoid what we call one-way conversion to popular majors, and instead choose majors that are suitable for students. Therefore, this policy of transferring majors is essentially aimed at promoting equal competition among various majors in the school, optimizing the layout of the school's disciplines and majors through this policy, so that students can improve their core competitiveness through the study of this major. In this way, it is actually to downplay the so-called popular and unpopular, but to strengthen the quality and characteristics of the major.

句子成分分析：(划分说明)  提示：框中标识可点击

[At the same time], it is [also] necessary to strengthen the understanding (of the school's majors), || so that this policy (of transferring majors) can truly expandstudents' choices, <guide students to make rational choices>, and improve their satisfaction [with the school's majors].

句子语法结构详解：

* it 为先行主语，代表后移的不定式。
* is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。
* necessary 为形容词作表语。
* to strengthen 为不定式。
* so that 引导状语从句。
* transferring 为现在分词作定语
* expand 为谓语。
* guide students to make rational choices 为同位语
* to make 为不定式，作后置定语。
* improve 为谓语。
* can 为情态动词。their 为形容词型物主代词。school's, students' 为名词所有格。the 为定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

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句子成分分析：(划分说明)  提示：框中标识可点击

[In this way], we can truly avoid {what we call one-way conversion [to popularmajors]}, and instead choose majors (that are suitable for students).

句子语法结构详解：

* avoid 为谓语。
* what 为关系代词，引导宾语从句。
* call 为谓语，采用一般现在时。
* choose 为谓语。
* that 为关系代词，引导定语从句。
* are 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。
* suitable 为形容词作表语。
* can 为情态动词。we 为人称代词主格。

句子相关词汇解释：

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