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People often plan to receive medical exam but don’t, resulting in increasing health care cost. A surprising number of citizens mean to complete tax forms in time but forget to, forcing them to pay unnecessary fines. Many families miss the government deadline to complete financial aid forms, losing out on aid available for child care.

How can policymakers help people follow through on important tasks? They use carrots and sticks: bonuses, late fees, or regulations. These methods can be clumsy, and often aren’t effective for the situation at hand. Reminding people to form simple plans. however, provides a low-cost, simple, and powerful tool.

Evidence is growing that providing prompts, which push people at key times to think through how and when they will follow through, make people more likely to act on tasks of importance. In one early randomized study on tetanus vaccination rates, for example, a team of social psychologists showed that 28% of Oxford University seniors got the shot after being encouraged to review their weekly schedules and to select a possible time to stop by the health center. They were also given a list of times when shots were available and a map showing the health center’s location. Only 3% of the seniors got the shot when simply informed about how effective the shots were.

People who make a plan gain an advantage from their psychological forces. Specifically, they can overcome the tendency to put off as well as the tendency to be overly optimistic about the time it will take to accomplish a task. imagine Sarah who wants to renew a car insurance, but it will require two hours of travel to and from a garage. Making a plan may lead her to lake two hours off and have her responsibilities covered by her colleagues while she is away. Moreover, she will be less likely to underestimate the time needed to accomplish the task—a particularly common problem for complex tasks.

People mistakenly believe that their strong intentions are enough to push them to perform desired behaviors. These psychological research results stress the need for policy decisions that encourage plan making and improve social welfare.

人们经常计划接受医疗检查，但没有，导致医疗费用增加。数量惊人的公民本打算按时填写纳税表格，但却忘记了，这迫使他们支付不必要的罚款。许多家庭错过了政府规定的完成经济援助表格的最后期限，失去了用于儿童保育的援助。

政策制定者如何帮助人们完成重要任务?他们使用胡萝卜加大棒:奖金、滞纳金或规定。这些方法可能是笨拙的，并且通常对手头的情况无效。提醒人们制定简单的计划。但是，它提供了一种低成本、简单且功能强大的工具。

越来越多的证据表明，在关键时刻提供提示，促使人们思考他们将如何以及何时坚持到底，会让人们更有可能在重要任务上采取行动。例如，在一项关于破伤风疫苗接种率的早期随机研究中，一组社会心理学家发现，在鼓励牛津大学(Oxford University)的大四学生回顾他们的每周时间表并选择一个可能的时间去健康中心后，28%的人接种了疫苗。他们还得到了一份可以注射疫苗的时间列表和一张显示医疗中心位置的地图。只有3%的老年人在被告知疫苗的有效性时接种了疫苗。

制定计划的人会从他们的心理力量中获得优势。具体来说，他们可以克服拖延的倾向，也可以克服对完成任务所需时间过于乐观的倾向。想象一下，Sarah想要更新汽车保险，但是往返于修理厂需要两个小时的路程。制定一个计划可能会让她休息两个小时，在她不在的时候，她的工作由同事承担。此外，她将不太可能低估完成任务所需的时间——这是复杂任务的一个特别常见的问题。

人们错误地认为，他们强烈的意图足以推动他们做出期望的行为。这些心理学研究结果强调了鼓励制定计划和改善社会福利的政策决定的必要性。

句子成分分析：

People often plan to receive medical exam but don't, resulting in increasing health care cost.

句子语法结构详解：

(don't = do not)

* 句子有省略。
* plan 为谓语，采用一般现在时。
* to receive 为不定式，作宾语。
* resulting 为现在分词，作状语。
* increasing 为现在分词作定语
* do 为助动词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Phrase:

Vocabulary:

句子成分分析：

They were [also] given a list (of times (when shots were available) and a map) showing the health center's location.

句子语法结构详解：

(given 为 give 的过去分词。)

* 第1个 were 为助动词。
* given 为谓语，采用一般过去时和被动语态。
* when 为关系副词，引导定语从句。
* 第2个 were 为系动词作谓语，采用一般过去时。
* available 为形容词作表语。
* showing 为现在分词，作状语。
* they 为人称代词主格。center's 为名词所有格。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Vocabulary:

句子成分分析：

These psychological research results stress the need (for policy decisions (that encourage plan making and improve 

social welfare)).

句子语法结构详解：

* stress 为谓语，采用一般现在时。
* that 为关系代词，引导定语从句。
* encourage 为谓语，采用一般现在时。
* making 为动名词，作宾语。
* improve 为谓语。
* the 为定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Vocabulary:

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