The terrible E1Niño strikes the globe every 2 to 7 years. As warm waters in the tropical(热带的) Pacific Ocean switch eastward and trade winds weaken the weather pattern stretches through the atmosphere, causing drought in southern Africa, wildfires in South America, and flooding on North America's Pacific coast. Climate scientists have struggled to predict El Niño events more than 1 year in advance, but artificial intelligence (AI) can now extend the latest forecasts to 18 months, according to a new study.
The new research uses a type of AI called a convolutional neural network(卷积神经网络), which is adept in recognizing images. Researchers feed the neural network a large number of training images and the AI becomes skilled at identifying fundamental patterns of those images. For example, the neural network can be trained to recognize cats in photos by identifying characteristics shared by all cats, such as hairs and four legs.
Part of the problem with earlier researches on El Niño forecasts is that they rely on a relatively small set of historical statistics for factors such as ocean temperature. To get around this shortage, the scientists fed the program re-creations of historic ocean conditions produced by a set of reliable climate models, ones frequently used for studies of climate change, says the study’s lead author, Yoo-Geun Ham, a climate scientist in South Korea. As a result, the scientists could show the computer system not just one set of actual historic data, lasting from 1871 to 1973, but several thousand reproductions of that same data by the climate models.
But it’s not clear how much real-world benefit will come from pushing forecasts beyond 1 year, cautions Stephen Zebiak, a climate scientist at Columbia University, “The kind of lead time that is actionable is probably less than a year because decision-makers are unlikely to take action further in advance,” he says.
可怕的E1Niño每2到7年袭击一次地球。随着太平洋热带暖水向东转移,加上信风减弱,气候模式在大气中蔓延,导致非洲南部干旱、南美野火和北美太平洋沿岸洪水泛滥。一项新研究表明,气候科学家一直难以提前一年多预测厄尔尼诺Niño事件,但人工智能(AI)现在可以将最新预测延长至18个月。
这项新研究使用了一种称为卷积神经网络的人工智能,它擅长识别图像。研究人员向神经网络提供大量的训练图像,人工智能就能熟练地识别这些图像的基本模式。例如,神经网络可以通过识别所有猫共有的特征(如毛发和四条腿)来训练识别照片中的猫。
早期关于厄尔尼诺Niño预测的研究的部分问题在于,它们依赖于一组相对较小的历史统计数据,比如海洋温度。该研究的主要作者、韩国气候科学家咸佑根(Yoo-Geun Ham)说,为了解决这一短缺问题,科学家们给这个程序输入了由一套可靠的气候模型生成的历史海洋状况的重现,这些模型经常用于气候变化研究。因此,科学家们不仅可以向计算机系统展示一组从1871年到1973年的实际历史数据,还可以通过气候模型复制几千个相同的数据。
哥伦比亚大学(Columbia University)的气候科学家斯蒂芬·泽比亚克(Stephen Zebiak)警告说,目前还不清楚将预测时间推迟到1年之后会带来多少实际效益。他说:“可行的提前时间可能不到一年,因为决策者不太可能提前采取行动。”
句子成分分析:
Climate scientists have struggled to predict El Niño events [[more than] 1 year] [in advance], || but artificial intelligence
(AI) can now extend the latest forecasts to 18 months, [according to a new study].
句子语法结构详解:
(latest 为 late 的最高级形式)
* struggled 为谓语,采用现在完成时。
* to predict 为不定式,作状语。
* but 为并列连词,连接并列句,表转折。
* extend 为谓语。
* can 为情态动词。have 为助动词。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
El Niño | 厄尔尼诺现象,圣婴现象(南美洲西海岸每隔数年一次的海温升高现象,导致太平洋水温上升,严重影响全球多处气候) |
more than | 超过, 不只 |
in advance | 预先; 事先 |
artificial intelligence | 人工智能 |
according to | 根据,据(某人)所述 |
Vocabulary:
climate ['klaimit] | n. | 1) 气候 2) 气候区 |
scientist ['saiәntist] | n. | 科学家 |
struggle ['strʌgl] | vi. | 1) 搏斗,扭打,挣扎脱身 2) 奋斗,努力,争取 |
predict [pri'dikt] | vt. | 预言,预告,预报 |
event [i'vent] | n. | 1) 事件,大事 2) 公开活动,社交场合 |
year [jiә] | n. | 1) 年 2) 一年时间 |
but [bʌt] | conj. | 1) 但是 2) 而, 却 |
now [nau] | ad. | 现在, 目前 |
extend [ik'stend] | vt. | 1) 伸展,舒展,展开(尤指手臂或腿) 2) 使伸长,扩大,扩展 |
late [leit] | a. | 1) (latest)最新的,最近的 2) 晚的,迟的 |
forecast ['fɔ:kɑ:st] | n. | 预报,预测 |
month [mʌnθ] | n. | 1) 月,月份 2) 约30天的时间,一个月的时间 |
new [nju:] | a. | 1) 新的,刚出现的,新近推出的 2) (the new)新东西,新事物 |
study ['stʌdi] | n. | 1) 学习,研究 2) 作业,学业 |
句子成分分析:
Part (of the problem (with earlier researches (on El Niño forecasts))) is | that they rely on a relatively small set (of
historical statistics) [for factors (such as ocean temperature)].
句子语法结构详解:
(earlier 为 early 的比较级形式)
* is 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。
* that 为连词,引导表语从句。
* rely 为谓语,采用一般现在时。
* they 为人称代词主格。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
El Niño | 厄尔尼诺现象,圣婴现象(南美洲西海岸每隔数年一次的海温升高现象,导致太平洋水温上升,严重影响全球多处气候) |
rely on... | 依赖..., 指望... |
a set of... | 1) 一套, 一组, 一副, 一对 2) 一组, 一套, 一副, 一对 |
such as | 1) 例如,比如 2) 像……那样的,诸如……之类的 |
Vocabulary:
part [pɑ:t] | n. | 1) 部分 2) 部件,零件 3) 角色,台词 |
problem ['prɔblәm] | n. | 1) 棘手的问题,难题,困难 2) 逻辑题,数学题 |
early ['ә:li] | a. | 1) 早期的,初期的,早先的 2) 早到的,提前的,提早的 |
research [ri'sә:tʃ] | n. | 研究,调查,探索 |
forecast ['fɔ:kɑ:st] | n. | 预报,预测 |
relatively | ad. | 相当程度上,相当地, 相对地 |
small [smɔ:l] | a. | 1) (尺寸、数量、程度等)小的 2) (服装、食品、家用设施等)小号的,小型的 |
historical [hi'stɔrikәl] | a. | 1) (有关)历史的 2) 有关历史研究的,历史学的 |
statistics [stә'tistiks] | n. | 统计学, 统计资料 |
factor ['fæktә] | n. | 1) 因素 2) [数]因子,因数 |
ocean ['әuʃәn] | n. | 1) (通常作 the ocean)大海,海洋 2) (通常作 Ocean)(五大洋之一的)洋 |
temperature ['temprәtʃә] | n. | 1) 温度,气温 2) 体温 |
句子成分分析:
"The kind (of lead time (that is actionable)) is [probably] [less than] a year || because decisionmakers are unlikely
totake action [further] [in advance]," he says.
句子语法结构详解:
* that 为关系代词,引导定语从句。
* 第1个 is 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。
* actionable 为形容词作表语。
* 第2个 is 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。
* because 为连词,引导原因状语从句。
* are 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。
* unlikely 为形容词作表语。
* to take 为不定式,作状语。
* says 为谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* he 为人称代词主格。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
lead time | 从投产至完成生产间相隔的时间;定货交付时间 |
less than | 少于, 不到 |
be unlikely to do sth | 不大可能... |
in advance | 预先; 事先 |
Vocabulary:
kind [kaind] | n. | 1) 种类,类别 2) 本质,实质,性质 |
actionable ['ækʃәnәbl] | a. | 1) 可执行的;可操作的 2) 可予起诉的;可提起诉讼的 |
probably ['prɔbәbli] | ad. | 很可能, 大概,几乎肯定 |
year [jiә] | n. | 1) 年 2) 一年时间 |
because [bi'kɔ:z] | conj. | 因为 |
take [teik] | vt. | 1) 采取(某步聚, 某行动) 2) 拿,抱, 握,取, 抓住 3) 携带, 运载 |
action ['ækʃәn] | n. | 行动,行为过程 |
further ['fә:ðә] | ad. | 1) 进一步,在更大程度上, 大更大范围内 2) (far的比较级) (距离上)更远, 较远 |
say [sei] | vi. | 1) 说,讲,告诉 2) 表达,表述 |
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