The beginnings of life provide scientists with some of the most difficult questions on modern science. Our knowledge of the development of cells, from which all forms of life are made, is not complete because we do not understand very well conditions on our planet four billion years ago. Why and how did cells first appear? Was this very likely to happen under the conditions then, or was it due to chance? Might this happen in other places in the universe?
A group of scientists at London University are trying to answer these questions. They started by studying the way in which the first cells on Earth might have been formed. Next they will use powerful new telescope to look at places far away in the universe. The scientists hope that the results will improve our understanding of the development of life on Earth and help us to find life on other planets.
Dr. Nick Lane, who is in charge of the team, has suggested that four billion years ago warm water springs on the floor of the earth ocean might have helped create life. Each spring consists of tiny connected holes that water passes through. The team have created models of these springs in their labs. You have found that they encourage chemical reactions between hydrogen in the liquids that come out of them and the carbon dioxide in the sea water. These chemical reactions can create the “building blocks” of life, these building blocks are not living themselves, but when they are enough of them joined together in the right way, they can make living things. The water in the system of springs move the building blocks around until there are a lot of them in a small area. Things that look very much like real living cells can be made in this way.
These reactions and changes show us how life on earth and on other planets could begin. When sea water goes through tiny holes in the earth’s surface, it gets very hot and causes a chemical reaction with rocks. When this very hot water goes back up and meets cold sea water again, other chemical reactions happen. Lane explains, “The conditions needed for life are rock, water and carbon dioxide. This could be found on millions of exoplanets (planets beyond solar system), so basic life should be everywhere.”
生命的起源为科学家们提供了现代科学中一些最困难的问题。我们对细胞发育的了解并不完整,所有形式的生命都是由细胞形成的,因为我们对40亿年前地球上的条件了解不多。细胞最初出现的原因和方式?在当时的条件下,这种情况很有可能发生吗?还是因为偶然?这可能发生在宇宙的其他地方吗?
伦敦大学的一组科学家正试图回答这些问题。他们首先研究了地球上第一批细胞的形成方式。接下来,他们将使用强大的新望远镜观察宇宙中遥远的地方。科学家们希望这些结果将提高我们对地球上生命发展的理解,并帮助我们在其他行星上寻找生命。
该团队的负责人尼克·莱恩博士提出,40亿年前,地球海洋底部的温水泉可能有助于创造生命。每个弹簧都由微小的连通孔组成,水可以通过这些孔。该团队已经在实验室中创建了这些弹簧的模型。你已经发现,它们会促进液体中的氢和海水中的二氧化碳之间的化学反应。这些化学反应可以创造生命的“积木”,这些积木本身并不是生命,但当它们足够多时,它们可以以正确的方式结合在一起,就可以制造生物。泉水系统中的水会移动建筑砌块,直到在一个小区域内有很多砌块。看起来很像真正的活细胞的东西可以用这种方法制造出来。
这些反应和变化向我们展示了地球和其他行星上的生命是如何开始的。当海水穿过地球表面的小孔时,海水会变得非常热,并与岩石发生化学反应。当这些非常热的水返回并再次遇到冷的海水时,会发生其他化学反应。莱恩解释道:“生命所需的条件是岩石、水和二氧化碳。这可能在数百万颗系外行星(太阳系以外的行星)上发现,所以基本生命应该无处不在。”
句子成分分析:
Our knowledge (of the development (of cells, (from which all forms (of life) are made),)) is not complete || because
wedo not understand very well conditions [on our planet] [four billion years ago].
句子语法结构详解:
(made 为 make 的过去分词。)
* from 开头为非限制性定语从句。
* made 为谓语,采用一般现在时和被动语态。
* is 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。
* complete 为形容词作表语。
* because 为连词,引导原因状语从句。
* understand 为谓语,采用一般现在时。
* we 为人称代词主格。our 为形容词型物主代词。are, do 为助动词。the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
make...from... | 1) 用...制成..., 由...制成 2) 由...构成 |
Vocabulary:
knowledge ['nɔlidʒ] | n. | 1) 知识,学识,学问 2) 理解,了解 |
development [di'velәpmәnt] | n. | 1) 成长,发展,壮大 2) 研制,开发 |
cell [sel] | n. | 1) 细胞 2) 牢房 |
all [ɔ:l] | a. | 1) 所有的, 全部的,一切的 2) 整个的 |
form [fɔ:m] | n. | 1) 形式,形状,样子 2) 表格 |
life [laif] | n. | 1) 生命,性命 2) 生活,生活经历 3) 一生,终生 |
complete [kәm'pli:t] | a. | 1) (用以强调)完全的,彻底的 2) 全部的,完整的,整个的 |
because [bi'kɔ:z] | conj. | 因为 |
understand [,ʌndә'stænd] | vt. | 1) 懂,明白 2) 了解,理解 |
very ['veri] | ad. | 1) 很, 非常 2) (用于形容词最高级或单词own之前, 表强调)真正, 十足 |
well [wel] | a. | 1) 健康的, 身体好的 2) 满意,满足 |
condition [kәn'diʃәn] | n. | 1) 环境,条件 2) 状态 |
planet ['plænit] | n. | 1) 行星 2) (the planet)地球(尤指环境) |
four billion | 四十亿 | |
year [jiә] | n. | 1) 年 2) 一年时间 |
句子成分分析:
Dr. Nick Lane,who is in charge (of the team),has suggested | that four billion years ago warm water springs [on the
floor (of the earth ocean might)]have helped create life.
句子语法结构详解:
* who 为疑问代词,引导特殊疑问句。
* is 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。
* suggested 为谓语,采用现在完成时。
* that 为连词,引导宾语从句。
* warm 为谓语,采用一般现在时。
* helped 为谓语,采用现在完成时。
* create 为不带 to 的不定式,作宾语。
* has, have 为助动词。the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
in charge of... | 主管;负责;掌管 |
Vocabulary:
team [ti:m] | n. | 1) (游戏或运动的)队 2) (一起工作的)组,班 |
suggest [sәg'dʒest] | vt. | 1) 建议,提议 2) 推荐,举荐 |
four billion | 四十亿 | |
year [jiә] | n. | 1) 年 2) 一年时间 |
warm [wɔ:m] | vt. | 1) 使变暖 2) 使变得更友好,使变得更可爱 |
water ['wɔ:tә] | n. | 1) 水 2) 水域,江河湖海 |
spring [spriŋ] | n. | 1) 春天 2) 弹簧 |
floor [flɔ:] | n. | 1) 地板,地面 2) 底板 |
earth [ә:θ] | n. | 1) 地球 2) 土地,地面,陆地 |
ocean ['әuʃәn] | n. | 1) (通常作 the ocean)大海,海洋 2) (通常作 Ocean)(五大洋之一的)洋 |
might [mait] | n. | 力量; 威力; 权力 |
help [help] | vi. | 1) 帮助,协助,援助 2) 改善状况,促进 |
create [kri:'eit] | vt. | 1) 创造,创作,创建 2) 造成,引起,产生(感觉或印象) |
life [laif] | n. | 1) 生活,生活经历 2) 生命,性命 3) 一生,终生 |
句子成分分析:
When sea water goes through tiny holes [in the earth's surface], || it gets very hot and causes a chemical reaction
[with rocks].
句子语法结构详解:
* when 为连词,引导时间状语从句。
* goes 为谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* it 开头为陈述句。
* gets 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* hot 为形容词作表语。
* causes 为谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* earth's 为名词所有格。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
sea water | 海水 |
1) 经过(某地) 2) 履行;实行 |
Vocabulary:
tiny ['taini] | a. | 极小的,微小的,微量的 |
hole [hәul] | n. | 1) 孔,洞 2) 开口,裂口 |
earth [ә:θ] | n. | 1) 地球 2) 土地,地面,陆地 |
surface ['sә:fis] | n. | 1) 表面,表层 2) 水面,液面 |
get [get] | vi. | 1) 变得,变为 2) 抵达,到达 3) 达到,处于 |
very ['veri] | ad. | 1) 很, 非常 2) (用于形容词最高级或单词own之前, 表强调)真正, 十足 |
hot [hɔt] | a. | 1) 热的,温度高的 2) 觉得闷(或燥、湿)热 |
and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后,接着 |
cause [kɔ:z] | vt. | 使发生,造成,引起,导致 |
chemical ['kemikl] | a. | 1) 化学的,与化学有关的 2) 用化学方法制造的,化学作用的 |
reaction [ri'ækʃәn] | n. | 1) 反应,回应 2) (对旧观念等的)抗拒 |
rock [rɔk] | n. | 1) 岩石 2) 石山,礁石 |
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