Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
猴子似乎对数字很在行。
一组研究人员训练三只恒河猴将26个由数字和选择性字母组成的明显不同的符号与0-25滴水或果汁联系起来作为奖励。然后,研究人员测试了猴子是如何组合或添加这些符号来获得奖励的。
以下是领导该团队的哈佛医学院科学家玛格丽特·利文斯通对实验的描述:在他们的笼子里,猴子们被提供了触摸屏。在屏幕的一部分,会出现一个符号,而在另一侧,会显示圆圈内的两个符号。例如,数字7将在屏幕的一侧闪烁,而另一端将有9和8。如果猴子触摸屏幕的左侧,他们将得到七滴水或果汁的奖励;如果他们绕了一圈,他们会得到数字之和的奖励——在这个例子中是17。
在进行了数百次测试后,研究人员注意到,猴子有一半以上的时间会选择更高的值,这表明它们在进行计算,而不仅仅是记住每个组合的值。
当研究小组更仔细地检查实验结果时,他们注意到猴子往往低估了(低估)当两个符号的值接近时,与单个符号进行比较的总和——例如,有时在8和6的总和上选择13。这种低估是系统性的:当把两个数字相加时,猴子总是注意两个数字中较大的一个,然后只加一小部分(小部分)的较小数字。
“这表明数量在他们的大脑中有一定的表现方式。”。利文斯通说。“但在这个实验中,他们所做的是更多地关注大数字而不是小数字。”
句子成分分析:
A team (of researchers) trained three Rhesus monkeys toassociate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and
selective letters [with 025 drops (of water or juice)] [as a reward].
句子语法结构详解:
* trained 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* to associate 为不定式,作状语。
* consisting 为现在分词,作状语。
* a 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
rhesus monkey | 恒河猴(一种北印度猕猴,常用于科学实验) |
consist of... | 由...组成 |
Vocabulary:
team [ti:m] | n. | 1) (游戏或运动的)队 2) (一起工作的)组,班 |
researcher [ri:'sә:tʃә] | n. | 研究人员 |
train [trein] | vt. | 1) 训练,培训,接受(训练) 2) 进行……训练,(尤指)进行(体育锻炼),训练(人或动物) |
three [θri:] | num | 三 |
associate [ә'sәuʃieit] | vt. | 1) 联想,联系 2) 表明支持,表示同意 |
clearly ['kliәli] | ad. | 1) 清楚地; 明白地; 明显地 2) 显然地; 无疑地 |
different ['difәrәnt] | a. | 1) 不同的,有区别的,有差异的 2) 分别的,各别的,各种的 |
symbol ['simbl] | n. | 1) 符号 2) 象征,标志 |
number ['nʌmbә] | n. | 1) 数目,数字 2) 编号,号码, 序数 |
and [ænd] | conj. | 1) 和, 与, 同, 并 2) 然后,接着 |
selective [si'lektiv] | a. | 1) 选择性的;有选择的 2) 认真挑选的;严格筛选的 |
letter ['letә] | n. | 1) 信件 2) 字母 |
drop [drɔp] | n. | 1) 下跌,减少 2) 滴,水滴 |
water ['wɔ:tә] | n. | 1) 水 2) 水域,江河湖海 |
or [ɔ:] | conj. | 1) 或,或者,还是 2) 否则,要不然 |
juice [dʒu:s] | n. | 1) 果汁,菜汁,果汁(或菜汁)饮料 2) 肉汁 |
as [æz] | prep. | 1) 作为, 当作 2) 像,如同 |
reward [ri'wɔ:d] | n. | 1) 奖励,回报,报酬 2) 赏格,悬赏金 |
句子成分分析:
[Here]'s how Harvard Medical School scientist MargaretLivingstone, (who led the team), described the experiment|:
[In their cages] the monkeys were provided with touch screens.
句子语法结构详解:
(led 为 lead 的过去式。Here's = Here is)
* here 引导倒装句。
* is 为谓语。
* how 为连接副词,引导主语从句。
* who 为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句。
* led 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* described 为谓语,采用一般过去时。
* provided 为谓语,采用一般过去时和被动语态。
* their 为形容词型物主代词。were 为助动词。the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释:
Phrase:
medical school | 医学院 |
provide sb with sth | 提供给某人某物 |
touch screen | (计算机、平板电脑等的)触摸屏 |
Vocabulary:
here [hiә] | ad. | 这里, 在这里 |
Harvard | n. | 哈佛大学 |
scientist ['saiәntist] | n. | 科学家 |
lead [li:d] | vt. | 1) 带路,引导,带领 2) 处于领先地位,最擅长于 |
team [ti:m] | n. | 1) (游戏或运动的)队 2) (一起工作的)组,班 |
describe [di'skraib] | vt. | 1) 描述,形容,把……称为 2) 做……运动,画出……图形,形成……形状 |
experiment [ik'sperimәnt] | n. | 1) 实验,试验 2) 实践 |
cage [keidʒ] | n. | 笼子 |
monkey ['mʌŋki] | n. | 1) 猴子 2) 顽皮的孩子,调皮鬼,捣蛋鬼 |
句子成分分析:
"This indicates | that there is a certain way | quantity is represented [in their brains]," Dr.Livingstone says["But in this]
experiment what theyare doingis paying more attention to the big number [than the little one]."
句子语法结构详解:
* indicates 为谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* that 为连词,引导宾语从句。
* 第1个 is 为系动词作谓语,采用一般现在时。
* quantity 开头为表语从句,引导词 that 被省略。
* 第2个 is 为助动词。
* represented 为谓语,采用一般现在时和被动语态。
* says 为谓语,采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。
* experiment 开头为状语从句。
* doing 为谓语,采用现在进行时。
* 第3个 is 引导一般疑问句。
* 第3个 is 为谓语,采用一般现在时。
* paying 为动名词。
* they 为人称代词主格。their 为形容词型物主代词。this 为指示代词。are 为助动词。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。
pay attention to... | 注意, 留心 |
Vocabulary:
this [θis] | pron | 这(个) |
indicate ['indikeit] | vt. | 1) 表明,显示 2) 象征,暗示 |
there [ðєә] | ad. | 1) 在那里 2) (在叙述﹑ 行动﹑ 辩论等中)在那一点上 |
certain ['sә:tәn] | a. | 1) 某,某种, 某(人),某(事) 2) [作表语]确定,肯定,确实,确信 |
way [wei] | n. | 1) 方法,方式,途径 2) 路, 道路,路线 |
quantity ['kwɔntәti] | n. | 1) 数量,数额,数目 2) 量,数量 |
represent [,repri'zent] | vt. | 1) 代表 2) 作为……的发言人,维护……的利益 |
brain [brein] | n. | 1) 脑 2) (brains)(供食用的)动物脑髓 |
say [sei] | vi. | 1) 说,讲,告诉 2) 表达,表述 |
but [bʌt] | conj. | 1) 但是 2) 而, 却 |
experiment [ik'sperimәnt] | vi. | 1) 进行实验,做试验 2) 尝试,试用 |
do [du:] | vi. | 1) (以某种方式)做,行动,表现 2) (询问或谈论时用)进展,进行 |
more [mɔ:] | a. | 更多 |
big [big] | a. | 1) (体积、程度、数量等)大的,巨大的 2) 年龄较大的,长大的 |
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