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Before the 1830s,most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"— a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny—usually two or three cents was charged —and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
在19世纪30年代之前，在美国，大多数报纸都是通过年度订阅销售的，通常每年8至10美元。如今，8美元或10美元似乎是一小笔钱，但在当时，这些钱对大多数公民来说是禁止的。因此，报纸几乎只有政治或行业中的富人才能阅读。此外，大多数报纸几乎没有吸引大众的内容。它们枯燥乏味，视觉上令人生畏。但19世纪30年代发生的革命将改变这一切。
当时的趋势是走向“便士纸”，这个词指的是向公众广泛提供的纸张。它意味着任何便宜的报纸；也许更重要的是，它意味着可以在街上买到一份报纸。
这一发展并非一蹴而就。在1830年之前，购买单份报纸是可能的（但并不容易），但这通常意味着读者必须去印刷商办公室购买一份。街头销售几乎不为人知。然而，几年内，在东部城市，街头卖报纸将司空见惯。起初，每份报纸的价格很少是一分钱——通常要收两三美分——一些较老的知名报纸要收五六美分。但“便士纸”这句话引起了公众的兴趣，很快就会有报纸真的只卖一便士。
报纸对“街头男人”的这种新趋势开始时并不好。一些早期的风险投资(企业)是立竿见影的失败。已经在做生意的出版商，那些成功论文的所有者，几乎没有改变传统的愿望。这需要一些年轻大胆的商人来推动。
句子成分分析：
[Accordingly], newspapers were read almost [only by rich people] [in politics or the trades[In addition], most
newspapers had little [in them] (that would appeal to a mass audience).
句子语法结构详解：
(read 为过去分词，与其动词原形拼写相同。)
* read 为谓语，采用一般过去时和被动语态。
* had 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* that 为关系代词，引导定语从句。
* appeal 为谓语，采用一般过去将来时。
* would 为情态动词。them 为人称代词宾格。little 为不定代词。were 为助动词。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释：
Phrase:
in addition | 此外 |
appeal to sb | 1) 吸引，对...有吸引力，使...感兴趣 2) 呼吁..., 恳求... |
Vocabulary:
accordingly [ә'kɔ:diŋli] | ad. | 1) 因此；所以 2) 照着；相应地 |
newspaper ['nju:z,peipә] | n. | 1) 报纸，报 2) 旧报纸 |
read [ri:d] | vt. | 1) 读, 阅读 2) 朗读 |
almost ['ɔ:lmәust] | ad. | 几乎; 差不多 |
only ['әunli] | ad. | 只; 仅; 仅仅 |
rich [ri:tʃ] | a. | 1) 富裕的, 富有的 2) 大量含有的 |
people ['pi:pl] | n. | 1) 人，人们，大家 2) 国民，人民，臣民，群众 |
politics ['pɔlitiks] | n. | 1) 政治，政治事务（或活动） 2) 权术，钩心斗角 |
or [ɔ:] | conj. | 1) 或，或者，还是 2) 否则，要不然 |
trade [treid] | n. | 1) 贸易，买卖，商业，交易 2) 行业，职业，生意 |
most [mәust] | a. | 1) 大多数的, 大部分的 2) 最多的, 最大的 |
have [hæv] | vt. | 1) 有，持有 2) 吃，喝, 抽(烟) 3) 患病，出现(某症状) |
little ['litl] | n. | 1) 很少 2) (a little)一点, 少量 |
mass [mæs] | a. | 大批的；数量极多的；广泛的 |
audience ['ɔ:diәns] | n. | 1) 观众，听众, 读者 2) （与要人的）会见，觐见，进见 |
句子成分分析：
It had been possible <(but not easy)> tobuy single copies (of newspapers) [before 1830], || but this usually meant |
the reader hadto go down to the printer's office topurchase a copy.
句子语法结构详解：
(meant 为 mean 的过去式。)
* it 为先行主语，代表后移的不定式。
* 第1个 had 为助动词。
* been 为系动词作谓语，采用过去完成时。
* possible 为形容词作表语。
* to buy 为不定式。
* 第2个 but 为并列连词，连接并列句，表转折。
* meant 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* 第1个 the 开头为宾语从句，引导词 that 被省略。
* go 为谓语。
* to purchase 为不定式，作状语。
* had to 为情态动词。this 为指示代词。printer's 为名词所有格。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释：
Phrase:
have to | 1) 不得不 2) 必须 |
go to... | 去... |
1) 下去 2) 倒下， 落下 |
Vocabulary:
possible ['pɔsәbl] | a. | 1) 可能，能做到（或取得） 2) 可能存在（或发生）的 |
but [bʌt] | conj. | 1) 但是 2) 而, 却 |
not [nɔt] | ad. | 1) 不，没有 2) 不没有 |
easy ['i:zi] | a. | 1) 容易的，轻易的，不费力的 2) 舒适的，安逸的，安心的 |
buy [bai] | vt. | 1) 买，购买 2) （钱）够支付 |
single ['siŋgl] | a. | 1) 仅有一个的，单的，单个的 2) 单身的，未婚的，无伴侣的 |
copy ['kɔpi] | n. | 1) 复印品, 拷贝 2) 一册，一份 |
newspaper ['nju:z,peipә] | n. | 1) 报纸，报 2) 旧报纸 |
before [bi'fɔ:] | prep. | 1) (时间或顺序)在...之前 2) (位置)在...前面 |
this [θis] | pron | 这(个) |
usually ['ju:ʒuәli] | ad. | 通常地，正常地，一般地，经常地 |
mean [mi:n] | vt. | 1) 意味着，产生...结果 2) 意思是, 意指 |
reader ['ri:dә] | n. | 1) 读者，读书……的人，阅读量大的人 2) （报刊杂志等的）读者 |
printer ['printә] | n. | 1) 印刷商，印刷工人，印刷公司 2) 打印机（尤指与计算机相连的） |
office ['ɔfis] | n. | 1) 办公室，办公楼 2) 诊室，门诊处 |
purchase ['pә:tʃәs] | vt. | 买，购买，采购 |
句子成分分析：
Publishers[already] [in business], people (who were owners (of successful papers),) had little desire to change the tradition.
句子语法结构详解：
* who 为关系代词，引导定语从句。
* were 为系动词作谓语，采用一般过去时。
* had 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* to change 为不定式。
* the 为定冠词。
句子相关词汇解释：
Vocabulary:
publisher ['pʌbliʃә] | n. | 出版人(或机构) ；发行人(或机构) |
already [ɔ:l'redi] | ad. | 1) 已经；早已 2) （表示惊奇）已经，都 |
business ['biznis] | n. | 1) 商业，买卖，生意 2) 商务，公事 |
people ['pi:pl] | n. | 1) 人，人们，大家 2) 国民，人民，臣民，群众 |
owner ['әunә] | n. | 物主，所有权人 |
successful [sәk'sesful] | a. | 1) 获得成功的，有成就的 2) 达到目的，有成效的 |
paper ['peipә] | n. | 1) 纸，纸张 2) 报纸 3) 论文, 研究报告 |
have [hæv] | vt. | 1) 有，持有 2) 吃，喝, 抽(烟) 3) 患病，出现(某症状) |
little ['litl] | a. | 1) 小的，少的 2) （用在形容词的后面）可爱的，可怜的，讨厌的 |
desire [di'zaiә] | n. | 1) 欲望，渴望 2) 肉欲，情欲 |
change [tʃeindʒ] | vt. | 1) 使变换，改变 2) 使不同 |
tradition [trә'diʃәn] | n. | 传统，传统的信仰（或风俗） |
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